Fig. 1.

RAD-sex tags and male-specific markers in goldfish. a Haplotypes heatmap in phenotypic males and females’ goldfish. Each cell in the heatmap represents the number of haplotypes presented in x phenotypic males and y phenotypic females (x: cumulative number of males, y: cumulative number of females). Haplotypes present in more than 12 males and absent in all females were identified as male-specific haplotypes (highlighted by red box). b Genotyping of goldfish males and females with three Y-allele primer pairs and one autosomal primer pair used as a positive control. Goldfish are categorized into three groups i.e., putative genetic males (XY), putative XX neomales, and genetic females by combining the results of both Y-allele genotyping and sex phenotyping. The original, unprocessed gel images of this figure are available in additional file 5