Table 2.

Current status of the clinical trials of vaccines and candidate therapy for cytokine release syndrome (CRS) against SARS-CoV-2 infection (Source: National Institute of Health, https://clinicaltrials.gov/) Accessed on Aug 1, 2020

Company	Approach	Stage	Strategy
Arcturus Therapeutics	Vaccine	Phase 1/2	Engineering RNA with nanoparticle
BioNTech	Vaccine	Phase 3	mRNA
Zydus Cadila	ZyCoV-D vaccine	Phase 1/2	RNA recombinant measles virus
Mudoch Childre’s Research Institute	BCG vaccine	Phase 2/3	Live attenuated virus
Medicago, GSK, Dynavax	Plant-based vaccine	Phase 1	Virus-like particle
CureVac	Vaccine	Phase 1	Man-made mRNA
Eli Lilly	Treatment	Phase 3	Antibody treatment
GlaxoSmithkline+ Clover Biopharmaceuticals	Vaccine	Phase 1	Engineering adjuvants with proteins
Inovio Pharmaceuticals	Vaccine	Phase 1	DNA vaccine
Johnson & Johnson	Vaccine and treatment	Phase 1/2	Deactivated virus
Pfizer-BioNTech	Vaccine and treatment	Phase 2/3	Has not yet revealed strategy, five-point plan released RNA vaccine
Regeneron Pharmaceuticals	Treatment	Phase 3	Cocktail of antibodies
Sanofi	Vaccine and treatment	Phase 3	Chimera of RNA viruses, Kevzara drug
Takeda	Treatment	Treatment phase	Plasma of treated patients
Vir Biotechnology	Treatment	Phase 1	Viral replication inhibitor
Ascletis Pharma	Treatment	Phase 1b	Cocktail of danoprevir and titonavir
Gamaleya Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology	Vaccine	Phase 2	Isolated strain
Siberian Vector Institute	Vaccine	Phase 1	Using a platform first developed for Ebola
Moderna Therapeutics	Vaccine	Phase 3	RNA vaccine (mRNA −1273)
CanSino Biologics	Vaccine	To start phase 3	SARS-CoV-2 genetic code entwined in harmless virus Non-replicating virus
Gilead Sciences	Treatment	Phase 3	Remdesivir
Oxford University	Vaccine	Phase 2/3 trial in UK, phase 3 trials in SA and Brazil	AZD 1222 Non-replicating virus
Bharat Biotech	Vaccine	Phase 1/2	COVAXIN inactivated virus