Table 1.
In vitro/ex vivo studies showing different results regarding transplacental passage.
| Reference | Origin/Type of NP | Model | Results |
|---|---|---|---|
| [42] | Inorganic | BeWo cell | Ability to cross the placental barrier and low toxicity to fetal development |
| Ag | b30 and embryonic stem cells | ||
| [54] | Organic | Ex vivo images | NP did not cause toxicity to fetus |
| PEG-PLA | |||
| [62] | Organic | BeWo cell | Evidence that NP are transcellularly transported |
| Fluoresbrite | |||
| [63] | Organic | BeWo cell | There was no toxicity for cell culture and NP transport was observed by endocytosis and pinocytosis |
| Pullulan acetate | |||
| [64] | Organic | BeWo cell | Nanoencapsulation improved the maternal-fetal transplacental permeation of dexamethasone |
| Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) loaded with dexamethasone | |||
| [65] | Organic | BeWo cell | The permeability of the NP was dependent on charge, the negatively charged NP were not detected in basolateral compartment. |
| Polystyrene (cationic and anionic) | |||
| [66] | Inorganic | Placental perfusion | There was no significant decrease in blood flow from the maternal to fetal artery |
| Au | |||
| [67] | Organic | Ex vivo human placenta perfusion and BeWo cell | NP was translocated through the placental barrier without causing toxicity to same. |
| Poly-(HPMA)115-b-poly (DMAEMA)115 |
Studies available in scientific literature from the year 2012–2020. Ag (silver NP). Au (gold NP).