Table 2.
In vivo studies and the results obtained from use of NP during pregnancy.
| Reference | Origin/Type of NP | Animal Specie | Route of administration | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| [39] | Inorganic | Mice | Oral | NP abrogated the diabetes-induced embryopathy through your antioxidant effects. |
| Mettalic | ||||
| Cerium | ||||
| [43] | Inorganic | Mice | Oral | NP caused toxicity to fetus. |
| Mettalic | ||||
| ZnO | ||||
| [45] | Organic | Ratss | Intravenous | NP prevented oxidative stress in placenta, but not in the fetus. |
| Polymeric | ||||
| Poly (γ-glutamic acid) and l-phenylalanine ethylester | ||||
| [46] | Organic | Rats | Intravenous | NP caused beneficial effects dependent on sex and age on the cardiovascular function of adult offspring. |
| Polymeric | ||||
| Poly (γ-glutamic acid) and l-phenylalanine ethylester | ||||
| [48] | Inorganic | Mice | Oral | NP caused a decrease in angiogenesis and activation of apoptotic pathways through caspase-3 in placental tissue. |
| Mettalic | ||||
| TiO2 | ||||
| [50] | Organic | Mice | Oral | NP improved the delivery of compound to the maternal and fetal brains and also reduced the accumulation of fatty acids in fetal liver. |
| Protein | ||||
| Zein | ||||
| [55] | Inorganic | Rats | Intraperitoneal | NP had a toxic effect on maternal, placenta and fetus tissues. |
| Mettalic | ||||
| Ag coated with chitosan | ||||
| [57] | Inorganic | Rats | Inhalation | NP caused severe impacts causing fetal resorption, decreased estrogen and increased proinflammatory cytokines levels. |
| Mettalic | ||||
| Ag | ||||
| [59] | Organic | Rats | Intravenous | There was a tissue distribution depending on the particle charge. |
| Polymeric | ||||
| Poly (glycidyl methacrylate) | ||||
| [68] |
Inorganic Mettalic Au |
Mice | Intravenous | There was a tissue distribution depending on the particle size. |
| [69] | Organic | Mice | Intravenous | Np with diameters up to 500 nm were absorbed by placenta and were able to cross the placental barrier. |
| Polymeric | ||||
| Polystyrene | ||||
| [70] | Inorganic | Mice | Intravenous | In clinical and histopathological evaluation, there were no changes in placental and fetal development. |
| Mettalic | ||||
| SiO2 | ||||
| [71] | Inorganic | Mice | Subcutaneous | Maternal exposure to NP influenced the offspring central dopaminergic system. |
| Mettalic | ||||
| TiO2 | ||||
| [72] | Organic | Mice | Intravenous | Prevented fetal exposure and minimized placental exposure. |
| Liposome | ||||
| Phosphatidylcholine + cholesterol | ||||
| [73] | Inorganic | Mice | Intravenous | Remarkable accumulation of silver in maternal liver and spleen, may have affected embryonic growth. |
| Mettalic | ||||
| Ag | ||||
| [74] | Inorganic | Rats | Oral | NP induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in the fetal liver. |
| Mettalic | ||||
| Ag | ||||
| [75] | Inorganic | Chicken | Oral | NP caused abnormal expression of genes and proteins in offspring liver. |
| Mettalic | ||||
| ZnO | ||||
| [76] | Organic Polymeric Poly(ϵ-caprolactone) | Rats | Oral | NP did not cause toxicological effects in pregnant rats and your fetuses. |
Studies available in scientific literature from the year 2010–2020. Ce (Cerium NP). ZnO (zinc oxide NP). TiO2 (titanium dioxide NP) Ag (silver NP). Au (gold NP). SiO2 (silicon dioxide NP).