Table 2.
Seropositivity of Neospora caninum in buffalo from different countries.
| Location | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Continent | Country | Origin | Test | No. examined animals | % Positive | Cutoff | References |
| Africa | Egypt | Slaughterhouse | NATa | 75 | 68 | 20 | (16) |
| Kenya | Game ranch (Syncerus caffer) | NAT | 4 | 50 | 40 | (67) | |
| America | Argentina | Farm | IFATb | 449 | 64 | 100 | (68) |
| Argentina | Farm | IFAT | 500 | 42.2 | 100 | (20) | |
| Argentina | Farm | IFAT | 1,350 | 43.3 | 100 | (69) | |
| Brazil | Farm | IFAT | 136 | 19.1 | 200 | (21) | |
| Brazil | Farm | IFAT/ELISAc | 47,96 | 48.8/55.55 | 100 | (22) | |
| Brazil | Farm | IFAT | 500 | 39 | 128 | (23) | |
| Brazil | Farm | IFAT | 345 | 35.4 | 100 | (70) | |
| Brazil | Farm | IFAT/NAT | 222 | 64/53 | 25/40 | (71) | |
| Brazil | Farm | IFAT | 196 | 70.9 | 25 | (72) | |
| Brazil | Slaughterhouse | IFAT | 220 | 36.4 | 100 | (28) | |
| Brazil | Farm | IFAT | 374 | 40.9 | 200 | (26) | |
| Brazil | Farm | IFAT/ELISA | 288 | 53.12/17.36 | 200 | (73) | |
| Brazil | Farm | ELISA | 164 | 14.6 | n.a.f | (74) | |
| Brazil | Farm | ELISA | 192 | 88.02 | n.a. | (75) | |
| Brazil | Farm | IFAT | 411 | 56.0 | 200 | (29) | |
| Mexico | Farm | ELISA | 144 | 24.3 | n.a. | (76) | |
| Peru | Farm | IFAT/ELISA | 83 | 0.0 | 100 | (77) | |
| Venezuela | Farm | ELISA | 174 | 30.4 | n.a. | (78) | |
| Asia | China | Farm | ELISA | 40 | 0.0 | n.a. | (33) |
| India | Farm | cELISAd | 32 | 50 | n.a. | (79) | |
| India | Farm | cELISA | 341 | 9.97 | n.a. | (80) | |
| India | Farm | cELISA | 51 | 21.6 | n.a. | (81) | |
| Iran | Slaughterhouse | ELISA | 181 | 37 | n.a. | (82) | |
| Iran | Farm | ELISA | 122 | 62.3 | n.a. | (83) | |
| Iran | Abattoir | ELISA | 83 | 19.27 | n.a. | (84) | |
| Iran | Farm | ELISA | 236 | 17.7 | n.a. | (85) | |
| Israel | n.i.g | MAT/IFAT/WBe | 18 | 77.8/72.2/66.7 | 200/200/20 | (86) | |
| Laos | Farm | ELISA | 130 | 78.5 | n.a. | (87) | |
| Laos | Farm | ELISA | 61 | 68.9 | n.a. | (88) | |
| Pakistan | Farm | cELISA | 300 | 54.7 | n.a. | (89) | |
| Pakistan | Farm | cELISA | 312 | 42.8 | n.a. | (90) | |
| Pakistan | Farm | IFAT | 52 | 78.84 | 200 | (91) | |
| Philippines | Farm | ELISA | 105 | 3.8 | n.a. | (41) | |
| Philippines | Farm | cELISA | 176 | 27.3 | n.a. | (92) | |
| Thailand | Farm | IFAT | 628 | 9.1 | 100 | (93) | |
| Thailand | Farm | ELISA | 532 | 4.5 | n.a. | (94) | |
| Vietnam | Farm | IFAT/ELISA | 200 | 1.5 | 640 | (42) | |
| Europe | Czech and Slovak | Zoo (Syncerus caffer, Syncerus caffer nanus, Bubalus arnee) | IFAT | 11 | 9.09 | 40 | (43) |
| Czech Republic | Captivity | IFAT/cELISA | 5 | 40.0/20.0 | 50 | (44) | |
| Italy | Farm | IFAT | 1,377 | 34.6 | 200 | (95) | |
| Italy | Farm | ELISA | 908 | 51.0 | n.a. | (96) | |
| Italy | Farm | ELISA | 124 | 20.2 | n.a. | (45) | |
| Romania | Farm/Slaughterhouse | ELISA | 197 | 68.5 | n.a. | (97) | |
| Oceania | Australia | Farm | ELISA | 480 | 88.3 | n.a. | (98) |
a
Neospora caninum agglutination test.
b
Indirect fluorescent antibody test.
c
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
d
Competitive-inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA).
e
Western blot.
f
not applied.
g
not informed.