Fig. 1.

Establishment of plantlets originating from somatic embryos of embryogenic line 27 in Pinus massoniana. a–l Somatic embryogenesis: induction of embryogenic callus (a), proliferation (b), maturation (c, g), germination (h), shoot tips collected from elongated epicotyls of germinating somatic embryos (i), somatic plant with tap root system (j), shoot tips with axillary buds induced (k), and clustered shoots (l). d–f Microscopic observation on embryogenic structures: induced embryogenic cell (d), proliferative somatic embryo (e), mature somatic embryo (f). m–o Regenerated plantlets via adventitious root induction: in vitro rooted shoots (m), regenerated plantlets three months after transplanting in the nursery (n), and growth performance of plantlets transplanted into the soil for one year (o). Scale bars: 200 μm (d, e), 500 μm (c, f, h, k), 2 mm (g), 1 cm (a, b, i, j, l, m), 10 cm (n), 20 cm (o)