Table 2.
Results from fixed effects models showing the relationship between isolation, loneliness and physical performance: all predictors entered simultaneously.
| Total physical performance | 5 times sit-to-stand | Balance | Walking speed | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coef (95% CI) | p | Coef (95% CI) | p | Coef (95% CI) | p | Coef (95% CI) | p | |
| Domestic isolation | ||||||||
| Model 1 | − 1.454 (− 1.71 to − 1.37) | < 0.001 | − 0.47 (− 0.56 to − 0.39) | < 0.001 | − 0.49 (− 0.56 to − 0.43) | < 0.001 | − 0.57 (− 0.64 to − 0.50) | < 0.001 |
| Model 2 | − 0.36 (− 0.50 to − 0.21) | < 0.001 | − 0.05 (− 0.13 to 0.02) | 0.16 | − 0.15 (− 0.21 to − 0.08) | < 0.001 | − 0.16 (− 0.22 to − 0.09) | < 0.001 |
| Model 3 | − 0.34 (− 0.48 to − 0.21) | < 0.001 | − 0.05 (− 0.13 to 0.02) | 0.15 | − 0.14 (− 0.20 to − 0.08) | < 0.001 | − 0.15 (− 0.21 to − 0.09) | < 0.001 |
| Model 4 | − 0.32 (− 0.46 to − 0.19) | < 0.001 | − 0.05 (− 0.12 to 0.03) | 0.20 | − 0.14 (− 0.20 to − 0.07) | < 0.001 | − 0.14 (− 0.20 to − 0.08) | < 0.001 |
| Low social contact | ||||||||
| Model 1 | 0.009 (− 0.04 to 0.02) | 0.54 | − 0.007 (− 0.02 to 0.01) | 0.39 | − 0.004 (− 0.01 to 0.01) | 0.47 | 0.002 (− 0.01 to 0.02) | 0.81 |
| Model 2 | 0.004 (− 0.03 to 0.02) | 0.77 | − 0.005 (− 0.02 to 0.01) | 0.49 | − 0.001 (− 0.01 to 0.01) | 0.80 | 0.002 (− 0.01 to − 0.02) | 0.69 |
| Model 3 | 0.002 (− 0.02 to 0.03) | 0.90 | − 0.004 (− 0.02 to 0.01) | 0.55 | 0.001 (− 0.01 to 0.01) | 0.88 | 0.005 (− 0.007 to 0.02) | 0.39 |
| Model 4 | 0.001 (− 0.02 to 0.03) | 0.94 | − 0.005 (− 0.02 to 0.01) | 0.53 | 0.001 (− 0.01 to 0.01) | 0.90 | 0.005 (− 0.007 to 0.02) | 0.42 |
| Social disengagement | ||||||||
| Model 1 | − 0.27 (− 0.30 to − 0.23) | < 0.001 | − 0.08 (− 0.09 to − 0.06) | < 0.001 | − 0.08 (− 0.10 to − 0.07) | < 0.001 | − 0.11 (− 0.12 to − 0.09) | < 0.001 |
| Model 2 | − 0.14 (− 0.17 to − 0.11) | < 0.001 | − 0.03 (− 0.05 to − 0.02) | < 0.001 | − 0.05 (− 0.06 to − 0.03) | < 0.001 | − 0.06 (− 0.08 to − 0.05) | < 0.001 |
| Model 3 | − 0.10 (− 0.13 to − 0.07) | < 0.001 | − 0.02 (− 0.04 to − 0.01) | 0.003 | − 0.03 (− 0.05 to − 0.02) | < 0.001 | − 0.04 (− 0.06 to − 0.03) | < 0.001 |
| Model 4 | − 0.10 (− 0.12 to − 0.07) | < 0.001 | − 0.02 (− 0.04 to − 0.01) | 0.004 | − 0.03 (− 0.05 to − 0.02) | < 0.001 | − 0.04 (− 0.06 to − 0.03) | < 0.001 |
| Loneliness | ||||||||
| Model 1 | − 0.16 (− 0.20 to − 0.12) | < 0.001 | − 0.06 (− 0.08 to − 0.04) | < 0.001 | − 0.03 (− 0.05 to − 0.02) | < 0.001 | − 0.07 (− 0.09 to − 0.05) | < 0.001 |
| Model 2 | − 0.14 (− 0.17 to − 0.11) | < 0.001 | − 0.05 (− 0.07 to − 0.03) | < 0.001 | − 0.03 (− 0.04 to − 0.02) | < 0.001 | − 0.06 (− 0.07 to − 0.05) | < 0.001 |
| Model 3 | − 0.09 (− 0.12 to − 0.06) | < 0.001 | − 0.03 (− 0.05 to − 0.02) | < 0.001 | − 0.02 (− 0.03 to − 0.002) | 0.02 | − 0.04 (− 0.05 to − 0.02) | < 0.001 |
| Model 4 | − 0.06 (− 0.09 to − 0.02) | 0.001 | − 0.03 (− 0.04 to − 0.01) | 0.002 | − 0.01 (− 0.02 to 0.01) | 0.23 | − 0.02 (− 0.03 to − 0.01) | 0.002 |
N = 8,780, 3 observations per person, total observations 26,340. Model 1: accounting for all time-invariant factors and time. Model 2: additionally adjusted for time-varying demographic factors (age, marital status, employment status and wealth). Model 3: additionally adjusted for time-varying health factors (BMI, eyesight, comorbidities, chronic pain, frequency of alcohol consumption, smoking habits, inactivity and cognition). Model 4: additionally adjusted for time-varying mental health (depression).