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. 2020 Aug 17;10:13875. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-70623-9

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Strain-nonspecific protective efficacy and environmental stability. (a–d) CFU change showing the effect of incubation time on E. coli (a), S. pyogenes (b), P. aeruginosa (c), and MRSA (d) exposed to bare membranes and NaCl, K₂SO₄, and KCl filters (n = 4–19 for (a), n = 3–19 for (b), n = 3–25 for (c), n = 2–10 for (d), mean ± SD). (e) SEM images of NaCl × 3₆₀₀, K₂SO₄ × 3₆₀₀, and KCl × 3₆₀₀ at ambient condition (top), and following 5-days storage at 37 °C and 70%, 80% and 90% RH. (f) CFU change showing the effect of temperature and humidity (5-days storage) on bare membranes and NaCl, K₂SO₄, and KCl filters in inactivating K. pneumoniae after 30-min incubation (n = 3–10, mean ± SD). §: below detection limit. ns: P > 0.05; *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ****P < 0.0001, by t test.