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. 2020 Aug 17;10:289. doi: 10.1038/s41398-020-00978-0

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a Pregnant female rats were transported to the roadside exposure facility at approximately gestational day (GD) 14 and were randomly assigned to be housed in either the TRAP or filtered air (FA) exposure chambers. Offspring, remained in the exposure condition into which they were born, were tested on a variety of developmental milestone assays between four days after birth (postnatal day (PND) 4) and weaning at PND 21 and then a battery of standardized behavioral assays between PND 21 and 50. b, c Particulate matter (PM) concentrations of the TRAP air and FA were quantified on 19 days. Both b PM_2.5 and c PM₁₀ concentrations of the TRAP air were significantly higher than those of the FA. *p < 0.05, paired t-test.