Fig. 4. Roadside TRAP- and FA-exposed rats differed from lab controls during juvenile reciprocal social interactions on several key parameters.

a Roadside exposures did not affect levels of exploration during the social interaction assay for males, however b TRAP-exposed males spent significantly more time following or chasing the stimulus animal than did FA-exposed or lab controls. c Roadside-reared males showed typical levels of social sniffing but d there was a significant effect of group on anogenital sniffing, with post hoc trends suggesting that both roadside exposure groups spent more time anogenital sniffing compared to lab controls. e Both TRAP- and FA-exposed males spent more time self-grooming than lab controls. f Females of all groups exhibited comparable levels of exploration, but g TRAP-exposed females spent more time following or chasing than lab controls. h FA-exposed females spent significantly less time social sniffing relative to lab controls and i both roadside groups had elevated levels of anogenital sniffing. j Females of all groups displayed similar levels of self-grooming. *p < 0.05, one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test.