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. 2020 Aug 17;10:13911. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-70814-4

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Tracing of Flow and Paw from three different patients. (a) Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) of 6 cmH₂O. (b) Pressure assist-control ventilation (PCV) with pressure of 10 cmH₂O, (c) PSV with a pressure support of 10 cmH₂O and PEEP of 8 cmH₂O. In (a1) and (a2), Complex Patient-Ventilator Interactions (CP-VI) consists of an increase in respiratory rate > 50%; in (b1) and (b2), it consists of > 30% asynchronies (ineffective expiratory effort, double cycling, premature cycling, prolonged cycling, and/or reverse triggering) in the 3-min period; and in (c1) and (c2) it consists of a combination of change in the respiratory rate and asynchronies.