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. 2020 Aug 17;10:13911. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-70814-4

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Representative examples of ventilator signals for airway flow (Flow) (a1–a3) and airway pressure (Paw) (c1–c3) recorded over 15-min periods in the two hours prior to self-extubation, together with the sample entropy (SE) tracings derived from Flow (b1–b3) and Paw (d1–d3). Both, SE-Flow and SE-Paw were calculated with r = 0.2 × SD of each overlapping 30-s-long sliding window, by using different values of m equal to 2 and 4, respectively. Three 15-min periods are represented, corresponding to (1) no occurrence of CP-VI (left panel), (2) occurrence of CP-VI that returned to baseline values (middle panel), and (3) progressive increase in CP-VI leading to self-extubation. SE is highly sensitive to changes in irregularity during MV.