TABLE 2.
Summary of materials, cells and methods employed to engineer cardiac tissues, their biomimicry and resulting outcome.
| REF | Materials | Fabrication | Cellular mimicry | Material mimicry | Maturation | Benefit of the selected approach? | ||||||||||
| Hydrogel | Fibres | CM | EC | SMC | CF | Mech. | Elect. | Align | Mech | Elec | vs. | Gene exp. | Structure | Function | ||
| Godier-Furnémont et al., 2015 | Col I | – | Mould casting | Rat neonatal | Yes | No | No | + | + | NM | nd | + | + | |||
| Hirt et al., 2014 | Fibrin | . | Mould casting | Rat neonatal | Yes | No | No | + | + | EHT | + | + | + | |||
| Jackman et al., 2018 | FGN | – | Mould casting | Rat neonatal | Yes | No | No | + | – | NM | + | + | + | |||
| Amdursky et al., 2018 | Albumin | – | Mould casting | Rat neonatal | Yes | No | No | – | – | 2D | + | + | – | |||
| Nunes et al., 2013 | Col I | – | Mould casting | hPSC | + | – | – | – | + | NM | + | + | + | |||
| Ruan et al., 2016 | Col I | – | Mould casting | hPSC | + | – | – | + | + | EHT | + | + | + | |||
| Tiburcy et al., 2017 | Col I | – | Mould casting | hPSC | FK | + | – | – | + | – | 2D | nd | + | + | ||
| Valls-Margarit et al., 2019 | Col I + ELN | – | Mould casting | hPSC | FK | + | – | – | + | + | 2D | nd | + | + | ||
| Zhang et al., 2013 | Fibrin | – | Mould casting | hPSC | nd | – | – | – | – | 2D | + | + | + | |||
| Hirt et al., 2014 | Fibrin | . | Mould casting | hPSC | + | – | – | + | + | EHT | + | + | + | |||
| Weinberger et al., 2016 | Fibrin | – | Mould casting | hPSC | hPSC | + | – | – | + | – | NM | nd | – | – | ||
| Ulmer et al., 2018 | Fibrin | – | Mould casting | hPSC | + | – | – | + | – | 2D | – | + | nd | |||
| Ronaldson-Bouchard et al., 2018 | Fibrin | – | Mould casting | hPSC | DF | + | – | – | + | + | 2D | + | nd | nd | ||
| Jackman et al., 2016 | FGN | – | Mould casting | hPSC | + | – | – | + | – | NM | nd | + | + | |||
| Shadrin et al., 2017 | FGN | – | Mould casting | hPSC | hPSC | hPSC | + | – | – | + | – | NM | + | – | + | |
| Dattola et al., 2019 | PVA* | – | Foaming + FD | hPSC | + | – | – | – | – | 2D | nd | – | nd | |||
| Han et al., 2016 | – | PCL | SE | hPSC | – | – | + | – | – | 2D | + | + | – | |||
| Joanne et al., 2016 | – | Col I | SE | hPSC | + | – | – | – | – | NM | nd | + | + | |||
| Sireesha et al., 2015 | – | POCS–FGN | SE | hCM | + | – | – | – | – | 2D | nd | + | nd | |||
| Khan et al., 2015 | – | PLGA | SE | hPSC | – | – | + | – | – | 2D | – | + | – | |||
| Roshanbinfar et al., 2020 | – | Col I/HA/PANi | SE | hPSC | + | + | – | – | – | EHT | nd | + | + | |||
| Macqueen et al., 2018 | – | PCL/Gelat | Pull spinning | hPSC | + | – | + | – | – | 2D | nd | + | + | |||
| Castilho et al., 2018 | Col I | PCL | MEW | hPSC | – | – | – | – | – | 2D | + | + | nd | |||
| Vaithilingam et al., 2019 | PETra + MWCNT | 3DP–SLA | hPSC | No | + | + | – | – | 2D | nd | + | nd | ||||
| Lee et al., 2019 | Col I | – | 3DbioP | hPSC | CF | + | – | – | – | – | NM | nd | + | – | ||
| Maiullari et al., 2018 | FGN/PEG | – | 3DbioP | hPSC | HUVEC | nd | – | – | – | – | EHT | nd | + | nd | ||
| Noor et al., 2019 | dECM | – | 3DbioP | hPSC | hPSC | + | – | – | – | – | NM | nd | + | + | ||
| Arai et al., 2018 | – | – | 3DbioP | hPSC | HUVEC | DF | nd | – | – | – | – | EHT | nd | + | nd | |
REF, Reference; CM, Cardiomyocyte; EC, Endothelial cell; SMC, Smooth muscle cell; CF, Cardiac fibroblast; Mech, mechanical; Elec, electrical; Gene exp., Gene expression; Col I, collagen type I; FGN, Fibrinogen; hPSC, human pluripotent stem cell; FK, Foreskin fibroblast; DF, Dermal fibroblast; PVA, poly-vinil-alcohol; FD, Freeze-drying; ∗, foam; SE, Solution electrospinning; POCS, poly[1,8-octanediol-co-(citric acid)-co-(sebacic acid)]; hCM, primary human CM; PLGA, polylactide-co-glycolide; PCL, polycaprolactone; Gelat, Gelatin; PETrA, pentaerythritol triacrylate; MWCNT, Multi-walled carbon nanotubes; 3DP,3D Printing; SLA, Stereolithography; PEG, polyethylene glycol; ALG, Alginate; 3DbioP, 3D bioprinting; nd, not described; dECM, decellularised extracellular matrix; ELN, elastin; HA, Hyaluronic acid; PANi, polyaniline; NM, native myocardium; EHT, engineered heart tissue.