Table 4.

Effects of 1 week on a high fat diet (HFD), low fat diet (LFD), or normal rat chow on body composition, glycemia, serum levels of insulin, Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), leptin, non-esterified fatty-acids (NEFA) and triglycerides, and energy intake in male and female rats.

	Chow males	HFD males	LFD males	Chow females	HFD females	LFD females	Sig.
Body weight (g)	348.3 ± 12.0	359.5 ± 9.9	340.5 ± 2.7	186.7 ± 6.2	202.2 ± 6.1	199.0 ± 6.5	a, p < 0.001
Weight gain (% baseline)	7.8 ± 0.5	9.5 ± 0.3#	8.2 ± 0.3	4.2 ± 0.6	6.3 ± 1.0	7.7 ± 1.4	a, p < 0.01
Total kcal/rat	482.5 ± 31.3	621.4 ± 80.9	556.5 ± 10.7	328.5 ± 17.5	398.7 ± 27.2	394.8 ± 20.8	a, p < 0.001 b, p = 0.05
Kcal/rat/day/100 g body weight	19.4 ± 1.9	23.9 ± 2.7	22.5 ± 0.4	24.1 ± 0.2	27.1 ± 0.7	27.2 ± 0.3	a, p < 0.01 b, p < 0.05
Kcal from fat (total)	28.5 ± 1.8	378.4 ± 49.5#	56.1 ± 0.4	20.1 ± 0.9@	256.2 ± 7.3#	41.1 ± 1.8#;@	p < 0.001
Energy efficiency (%)	5.5 ± 0.3	5.4 ± 0.8	4.9 ± 0.3	2.5 ± 0.1	3.0 ± 0.2	3.7 ± 0.4	a, p < 0.001
Visceral adipose tissue (%)	1.42 ± 0.18	1.74 ± 0.31	1.57 ± 0.08	0.70 ± 0.02	1.03 ± 0.14	0.96 ± 0.13	a, p < 0.01
Subcutaneous adipose tissue (%)	0.89 ± 0.10	1.01 ± 0.10	0.96 ± 0.09	0.62 ± 0.05	0.80 ± 0.12	0.74 ± 0.06	a, p < 0.01
Glycemia (mg/dl)	77.5 ± 3.4	74.7 ± 3.4	74.8 ± 3.9	78.5 ± 5.3	67.0 ± 3.0	76.0 ± 2.2	ns
Insulin (ng/ml)	4.25 ± 0.75	3.33 ± 0.33	3.09 ± 0.37	2.28 ± 0.25	2.14 ± 0.11	2.04 ± 0.22	a, p < 0.001
HOMA-IR	23.2 ± 4.5	14.7 ± 2.1	17.6 ± 2.9	13.1 ± 2.1	10.3 ± 0.9	11.1 ± 0.4	a, p < 0.01
Leptin (ng/ml)	3.25 ± 0.79	5.91 ± 1.14	3.99 ± 0.75	1.37 ± 0.11	1.88 ± 0.45	1.80 ± 0.46	a, p < 0.001
NEFA (mmol/l)	0.95 ± 0.09	1.04 ± 0.13	1.19 ± 0.12	1.00 ± 0.09	0.94 ± 0.06	1.19 ± 0.08	ns
Triglycerides (mg/dl)	74.4 ± 15.3	53.8 ± 4.9	69.4 ± 12.8	44.1 ± 9.4	20.0 ± 1.7	35.8 ± 9.2	a, p < 0.001

a, overall sex effect; b, overall diet effect;

^#different compared to chow rats of the same sex;

^@different between sexes on the same diet. ns, non-significant. n = 6, except for energy intake where n = 3.