FIG 1.

Trehalose is a noncytotoxic inhibitor of HIV replication in human macrophages. (A) Macrophages were pretreated with vehicle, 100 nM sirolimus, and 50 mM to 150 mM trehalose for 12 h prior to exposure to HIV (0.04 MOI). Cell culture supernatants were collected at days 5 and 10 p.i. for extracellular p24 antigen quantification by ELISA. Data are derived from four independent donors and presented as means ± the standard error of the mean (s.e.m.). (B) Uninfected and HIV-infected macrophages were incubated with vehicle, 100 nM sirolimus, or increasing concentrations of trehalose for 10 days. At day 10, cell culture supernatants were collected, and spectrophotometric measurement of extracellular LDH was used to determine cellular toxicity. Uninfected cells treated with 1× lysis buffer (LB) were used as a positive control. Data are derived from three independent donors and presented as means ± s.e.m. *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001.