Fig. 3.

Pathogenetic mechanisms involved in the cytokine storm syndrome. N and S viral proteins possess some target sequences on the DNA in the nucleus of human cells. Some binding motifs are detectable in the promoter of some cell genes, encoding key cytokines or enzymes involved in inflammatory process, such as IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α and cyclo-oxygenase (COX)-2. Subjects with an immune system dysregulation (e.g. aged individuals with chronic diseases and impaired immune system function) are particularly at risk to develop this life-threatening condition.