Table 7. Bioactivity of the calcium silicate sealers in the articles included in this review.
| Material | Compared material | Cells used | Mineralization potential |
|---|---|---|---|
| iRoot SP | AH Plus (ER) | MG 63 human osteoblast-like cells | COL 1, OCN and BSP mRNA expression up-regulation: iRoot SP > AH Plus (Zhang et al. [85]) |
| ProRoot MTA, Dycal (CH) | hTGSCs | COL 1A and DSPP mRNA expression: MTA > iRoot SP (Güven et al. [87]) | |
| Sealapex (CH), Apatite root sealer (CP), MTA Fillapex (CS) | Human PDL cells | ALP, mineralization nodule up-regulation: all sealers except for Sealapex; ON, OPN, OCN, Osterix, Runx2: MTA Fillapex > Apatitie root sealer > iRoot SP > Sealapex (Chang et al. [58]) | |
| EndoSequence BC | AH Plus (ER), MTA Fillapex (CS) | MC3T3-E1 mouse osteoblast cells | All sealers increased ALP, OCN and alizarin red staining mineral: Calcium silicate sealers > AH Plus (Lee et al. [70]) |
| BioRoot RCS | Pulp Canal Sealer (ZOE) | hPDL, Mouse pulp-derived stem cell line A4 | BMP2, TGF2: BioRoot RCS > Pulp Canal Sealer (Camps et al. [86]); VEGF: BioRoot = Pulp Canal Sealer (Camps et al. [86]); COL1, DMP1, BSP expression: BioRoot RCS preserved the intrinsic ability, but Pulp Canal Sealer reduced the ability (Dimitrova-Nakov et al. [89]) |
| AH Plus (ER), MTA Fillapex (CS), Pulp Canal Sealer (ZOE) | Calcium release, pH, nucleation of CaP after aging 28 day | BioRoot RCS > MTA Fillapex > AH Plus > Pulp Canal Sealer (Siboni et al. [24]) | |
| Biodentine | Human dental pulp stem cell | Both of them; Mineralization matrix induction: up-regulation; ALP, COL A1, OPN: down-regulation; Runx2: unmodified; Nestin, Msx2: up-regulation; DSPP expressed in direct contact with Biodentine, but BioRoot RCS needed mineralizing conditions, i.e., phosphate ions (Loison-Robert et al. [88]) | |
| Endoseal MTA | ProRoot MTA | Intratubular biomineralization | Endoseal MTA enhanced biomineralization of dentinal tubules (Yoo et al. [90]) |
ER, epoxy resin; COL, collagen; OCN, osteocalcin; BSP, bone sialoprotein; CH, calcium hydroxide; hTGSC, human tooth germ stem cell; DSPP, dentin sialophosphoprotein; CP, calcium phosphate; CS, calcium silicate; PDL, periodontal ligament; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; ON, osteonectin; OPN, osteopontin; Runx, runt-related transcription factor; ZOE, zinc oxide-eugenol; hPDL, human periodontal ligament; BMP, bone morphogenic protein; TGF, transforming growth factor; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; DMP, dentin matrix protein; BSP, bone sialoprotein; CaP, calcium phosphate; Msx, msh homeobox.