Figure 1.

Inflammasomes activation and production of IL1β and IL18: Surface-expressed TLRs, such as TLR1, 2, 5, and 6, bind TLR-dependent stimuli, for example bacterial PAMPs. Following this binding, TLRs, through the adaptor protein MyD88, activate the transcription factor NF-κB to induce the expression of inflammatory genes, such as IL1β and IL18, leading to the production of pro-IL1β and pro-IL18. On the other hand, different PAMPs or DAMPs activate the inflammasome through various NLRs, such as NLRP3. Inflammasome leads to active Caspase-1 that processes pro-IL1β/pro-IL18, leading to the active form of IL1β and IL18. Active cytokines leave the cell and act as pro-inflammatory molecules.