Figure 1.

An 11.5 L amber glass bottle used for batch formulation preparation is shown fitted with a fabricated siphon valve to ensure that formulations are prepared in a closed system (a). The bottle was purged with nitrogen; it was then capped and sealed with a foil liner and silicone septum. Note the two cannulas, each with its own siphon valve. Each siphon valve had an inlet and an outlet outfitted with a spigot (b), whereby the inlet valve pumped nitrogen into the bottle while the TCE‐containing water formulation was removed via the outlet valve. TCE, trichloroethylene