GM	gut microbiota
CLD	chronic liver disease
LC	liver cirrhosis
PEM	protein-energy-malnutrition
BCAA	branched-chain amino acid
HCC	hepatocellular carcinoma
SBP	spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
HE	hepatic encephalopathy
ACLF	acute on chronic liver failure
JSH	Japanese Society of Hepatology
CT	computed tomography
HCV	hepatitis C virus
PNALT	persistent normal alanine aminotransferase
COVID-19	Coronavirus disease-19
PAMPs	pathogen-associated molecular patterns
LPS	lipopolysaccharide
TLR	toll like receptor
NASH	non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
NAFLD	non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
HR	hazard ratio
CI	confidence interval
PPI	proton pump inhibitor
mTORC1	mammalian target of rapamycin complex1
TNF-α	tumor necrosis factor-alpha
CRC	colorectal cancer
SCFAs	short-chain fatty acids
HVPG	hepatic venous pressure gradient
TJ	tight junction
SIBO	small intestine bacterial overgrowth
BAs	bile acids
DCA	deoxycholic acid
RCT	randomized controlled trial