Table 1.
Descriptive and inferential statistics of outcome measures (N = 20).
| Variable | Pre-Test 1 | Pre-Test 2 | Post-Test | Baseline Period | Intervention Period | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ICC | Δ | p | r | Δ | p | r | ||||
| Numeric rating scale (point) | 4 (0) | 4 (1) | 0 (2) | 0.953 | 0 | 0.08 | −0.39 1 | 4 | < 0.01 | −0.89 1 |
| Neck disability index (%) | 8 (6) | 8 (7.5) | 4 (6) | 0.958 | 0 | 0.32 | −0.22 1 | 4 | < 0.01 | −0.88 1 |
| Craniocervical flexion test (mmHg) | 20 (2) | 20 (2) | 24 (4) | 0.674 | 0 | > 0.99 | 0 1 | −4 | < 0.01 | −0.77 1 |
| Cervical muscles endurance (sec) | ||||||||||
| Flexors | 9.2 ± 3.4 | 9.1 ± 3.0 | 14.5 ± 4.8 | 0.919 | 0.1 | 0.80 | 0.06 | −5.4 | < 0.01 | 0.83 |
| Extensors | 72.0 ± 63.6 | 76.9 ± 58.6 | 155.2 ± 75.3 | 0.979 | −4.9 | 0.22 | 0.28 | −78.3 | < 0.01 | 0.70 |
| Cervical range of motion (degree) | ||||||||||
| Flexion | 42.7 ± 15.9 | 44.0 ± 14.8 | 48.4 ± 12.0 | 0.777 | −1.4 | 0.65 | 0.10 | −4.4 | 0.08 | 0.40 |
| Extension | 52.7 ± 12.0 | 50.7 ± 17.3 | 59.6 ± 14.3 | 0.822 | 1.9 | 0.47 | 0.17 | −8.9 | 0.01 | 0.57 |
| Left SB | 36.0 ± 9.8 | 34.1 ± 8.8 | 40.2 ± 8.6 | 0.874 | 1.9 | 0.18 | 0.31 | −6.1 | < 0.01 | 0.72 |
| Right SB | 36.5 ± 8.1 | 34.8 ± 10.7 | 40.2 ± 9.6 | 0.887 | 1.7 | 0.22 | 0.28 | −5.4 | < 0.01 | 0.60 |
| Left rotation | 57.1 ± 10.0 | 54.1 ± 12.5 | 66.9 ± 10.7 | 0.705 | 3.0 | 0.23 | 0.27 | −12.8 | < 0.01 | 0.77 |
| Right rotation | 56.5 ± 14.5 | 55.1 ± 12.4 | 65.8 ± 14.0 | 0.853 | 1.4 | 0.55 | 0.14 | −10.6 | < 0.01 | 0.71 |
| Cervical joint position sense (cm) | ||||||||||
| Flexion | 6.3 ± 2.3 | 6.7 ± 3.1 | 4.1 ± 1.8 | 0.818 | −0.5 | 0.35 | 0.22 | 2.6 | < 0.01 | 0.61 |
| Extension | 5.7 ± 2.7 | 5.8 ± 3.7 | 4.6 ± 1.6 | 0.873 | −0.1 | 0.84 | 0.05 | 1.3 | 0.09 | 0.38 |
| Left rotation | 5.3 ± 1.9 | 6.1 ± 2.7 | 4.5 ± 2.1 | 0.381 | −0.8 | 0.22 | 0.28 | 1.6 | < 0.01 | 0.57 |
| Right rotation | 8.0 ± 3.3 | 7.4 ± 3.3 | 5.7 ± 3.0 | 0.842 | 0.6 | 0.26 | 0.26 | 1.6 | 0.05 | 0.43 |
| Upper body posture (degree) | ||||||||||
| Frontal head tilt angle 2 | −1.2 ± 8.1 | −1.2 ± 8.1 | −0.6 ± 2.5 | 1.000 | 0.002 | 0.52 | 0.15 | −0.6 | 0.72 | 0.08 |
| Frontal shoulder angle | 0.4 ± 1.7 | 0.4 ± 1.7 | 0.02 ± 1.3 | 1.000 | −0.006 | 0.02 | 0.51 | 0.3 | 0.11 | 0.36 |
| Scapular rotation angle 3 (right) | 2.1 ± 9.5 | 2.1 ± 9.6 | −0.1 ± 3.9 | 1.000 | −0.003 | 0.61 | 0.12 | 2.2 | 0.18 | 0.31 |
| Scapular rotation angle 3 (left) | 3.7 ± 8.7 | 3.7 ± 8.7 | 0.3 ± 3.5 | 1.000 | 0.004 | 0.31 | 0.23 | 3.4 | 0.06 | 0.42 |
| Craniovertebral angle | 51.4 ± 5.4 | 51.4 ± 5.4 | 53.2 ± 5.0 | 1.000 | 0.002 | 0.76 | 0.07 | −1.8 | < 0.01 | 0.64 |
| Upper thoracic angle | 149.9 ± 13.4 | 149.5 ± 13.4 | 149.6 ± 10.1 | 1.000 | −0.04 | 0.37 | 0.21 | −0.08 | 0.96 | 0.01 |
Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviations or median (interquartile range). ICC3,k = intraclass correlation coefficients, Δ = mean difference, r = effect size. 1 The denoted effect sizes are calculated from the Wilcoxon signed-rank test, and the other undenoted effect sizes are calculated from the F-ratios of the repeated contrasts. 2 Positive value indicates left side bending of the head, and negative value indicates right side bending of the head. 3 Positive value indicates scapular upward rotation, and negative value indicates scapular downward rotation.