COVID-19	Coronavirus disease 2019
SARS-CoV-2	severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
FDA	US Food and Drug Administration
MERS-CoV	Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus
ARDS	acute respiratory distress syndrome
RSCU	synonymous codon usage
NSP	non-structural proteins
ORF	open reading frame
S	spike glycoprotein
E	envelope protein
M	matrix protein
N	nucleocapsid protein
RBD	receptor binding domain
ACE2	angiotensin converting enzyme II
Cryo-EM	cryo-electron microscopy
HAT	human airway trypsin-like protease
ssRNA	single stranded RNA
TMPRSS2	transmembrane protease serine 2
PLpro	papain-like proteases
3CLpro	chymotrypsin-like protease
RTC	replication–transcription complex
RdRp	RNA-dependent RNA polymerases
ER	endoplasmic reticulum
TI IF	type I interferons
IFN-α	interferon-α
Bcl-xL	B-cell lymphoma-extra large
PAMPs	pathogen associated molecular patterns
TLR	toll-like receptors
IRF3	IFN regulatory factor 3
IL	interleukin
TNF	tumor necrosis factor
RLRs	RIG-I-like receptors
CLRs	C-type lectin-like receptors
NLR	NOD-like receptor
APCs	antigen presenting cells
MHC	major histocompatibility complex
HLA	human leukocyte antigen
CTLs	cytotoxic T lymphocytes
CD	cluster of differentiation
DCs	dendritic cells
MCP-1	monocyte chemoattractant protein-1
CRS),	cytokine release syndrome
CRP	C-reactive protein
sIL-6R	IL-6 receptor
JAK-STAT3	Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
Tregs	regulatory T cells
RDV	Remdesivir
EC50	half-maximal effective concentration
CC50	half-cytotoxic concentration
LPV/r	Lopinavir/Ritonavir
HIV-1	human immunodeficiency virus-1
ESICM	The European Society of Intensive Care Medicine
SCCM	The Society of Critical Care Medicine
NIH	The National Institutes of Health
FPV	Favipiravir
ARB	Arbidol
HCV	hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus
HA	hemagglutinin
HCoV-NL63	human coronavirus NL63
DENV	dengue virus
VEEV	Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus
IN	integrase protein
IMP	importin
mAbs	monoclonal antibodies
ERGIC	ER–Golgi intermediate compartment
IVIG	intravenous immunoglobulin
PE	plasma exchange
ICU	intensive care unit
PCR	polymerase chain reaction
qRT-PCR	quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR
WHO	World Health Organization
PD-1	programmed death-1
CDC	left for disease control and prevention
NO	nitric oxide
cGMP	cyclic guanosine monophosphate
GM-CSF	granulocyte-monocyte stimulating factor