. 2020 Aug 17;180(10):1295–1304. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.3050

Table 3. Diagnostic Accuracy of Physical and Laboratory Findings.

Finding by study	No. of patients (No. of cohorts)	Sensitivity (95% CI), %	Specificity (95% CI), %	Diagnostic OR (95% CI)	Positive LR (95% CI)	Negative LR (95% CI)
Physical and fundoscopic abnormalities
Any temporal artery abnormality^a^,^b	3823 (13)	52.9 (39.3-66.0)	76.9 (64.6-85.9)	3.73 (2.30-6.06)	2.29 (1.61-3.26)^c	0.61 (0.49-0.77)
Temporal tenderness^d	658 (5)	51.4 (37.6-65.1)	83.6 (59.1-94.5)	5.41 (1.58-18.46)	3.14 (1.14-8.65)^c	0.58 (0.43-0.79)
Temporal artery thickening^e	929 (8)	44.4 (31.3-58.2)	90.6 (81.8-95.4)	7.65 (4.04-14.48)	4.70 (2.65-8.33)^c	0.61 (0.50-0.76)
Temporal artery loss of pulse^f	1227 (7)	38.2 (31.3-45.5)	88.2 (85.6-90.4)	4.63 (3.22-6.67)	3.25 (2.49-4.23)^c	0.70 (0.62-0.79)
Temporal artery tenderness^g	1136 (10)	36.0 (22.1-52.6)	81.4 (66.5-90.6)	2.46 (1.43-4.22)	1.93 (1.25-2.99)	0.79 (0.66-0.93)
AION^h	1181 (7)	23.9 (13.0-40.0)	88.9 (80.8-93.8)	2.51 (1.63-3.87)	2.15 (1.53-3.03)^c	0.86 (0.75-0.97)
Ischemic optic neuropathyⁱ	682 (4)	21.9 (10.9-39.3)	87.3 (75.5-93.9)	1.94 (0.83-4.51)	1.73 (0.86-3.49)	0.89 (0.76-1.05)
CRAO^j	647 (5)	6.5 (3.1-12.9)	95.6 (85.6-98.7)	1.53 (0.48-4.89)	1.49 (0.49-4.53)	0.98 (0.93-1.03)
Laboratory findings
Anemia^k	2725 (14)	54.5 (41.2-67.2)	55.3 (42.4-67.6)	1.48 (1.22-1.79)	1.22 (1.10-1.36)	0.82 (0.74-0.92)
CRP level elevated^l^,^m	1849 (9)	87.4 (80.4-92.1)	31.4 (25.4-38.0)	3.16 (2.21-4.53)	1.27 (1.20-1.35)	0.40 (0.29-0.56)^c
CRP level ≥2.5 mg/dLⁿ	1121 (5)	79.2 (63.5-89.3)	54.2 (40.1-67.7)	4.50 (2.84-7.14)	1.73 (1.41-2.12)	0.38 (0.25-0.59)^c
ESR elevated^o^,^p	3429 (15)	82.6 (74.4-88.6)	33.8 (25.6-43.1)	2.43 (1.62-3.65)	1.25 (1.12-1.39)	0.51 (0.37-0.71)
ESR>40 mm/h^q	546 (9)	93.2 (79.7-97.9)	37.5 (21.1-57.4)	8.17 (3.40-19.62)	1.49 (1.16-1.92)	0.18 (0.08-0.44)^c
ESR>50 mm/h^r^,^s	1966 (18)	78.9 (71.7-84.7)	43.5 (34.1-53.4)	2.88 (2.05-4.05)	1.40 (1.22-1.60)	0.48 (0.38-0.62)^c
ESR>60 mm/h^t	270 (6)	70.7 (56.2-81.9)	70.5 (57.5-80.9)	5.77 (3.26-10.23)	2.40 (1.71-3.36)^c	0.42 (0.28-0.61)^c
ESR>80 mm/h^t	270 (6)	50.7 (31.2-69.9)	81.8 (74.4-87.4)	4.62 (2.07-10.29)	2.79 (1.78-4.37)^c	0.60 (0.41-0.90)
ESR>100 mm/h^u	368 (7)	24.2 (13.0-40.6)	92.2 (81.1-97.1)	3.79 (1.60-8.97)	3.11 (1.43-6.78)^c	0.82 (0.70-0.96)
Platelet count >400 × 10³/μL^v^,^w	2316 (5)	45.8 (33.0-59.3)	87.8 (81.1-92.3)	6.08 (2.74-13.49)	3.75 (2.12-6.64)^c	0.62 (0.47-0.80)

Abbreviations: AION, anterior ischemic optic neuropathy; CRAO, central retinal artery occlusion; CRP, C-reactive protein; ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate; LR, likelihood ratio; OR, odds ratio.

SI conversion factors: To convert CRP to mg/L, multiply by 10; platelet count to ×10⁹/L, multiply by 1.

^{^a}

A precise definition was typically lacking; it was for instance reported as abnormal temporal artery or temporal artery abnormality.

^{^b}

From 13 of the analyzed studies.^{15,33,41,42,46,49,52,54,55,64,71,80,84}

^{^c}

Statistically significant due to summary estimate of the positive LR of greater than 2.00 or the negative LR of less than 0.50 and a 95% CI not including 1.00.

^{^d}

From 5 of the analyzed studies.^{34,36,43,65,77}

^{^e}

From 8 of the analyzed studies.^{24,25,34,35,63,71,73,82}

^{^f}

From 7 of the analyzed studies.^{16,43,47,63,71,72,73}

^{^g}

From 10 of the analyzed studies.^{16,47,53,57,58,63,71,73,75,83}

^{^h}

From 7 of the analyzed studies.^{43,48,56,60,63,67,86}

^ⁱ

From 4 of the analyzed studies.^37,63,75,79

^{^j}

From 5 of the analyzed studies.^{43,56,67,79,86}

^{^k}

From 14 of the analyzed studies.^{30,32,35,39,46,50,52,64,71,73,80,82,84,87}

^{^l}

Defined as at least 0.5 mg/dL unless other laboratory-specific reference values were reported.

^{^m}

From 9 of the analyzed studies.^{14,28,37,59,61,63,64,66,68}

^ⁿ

From 5 of the analyzed studies.^{28,54,68,70,85}

^{^o}

Defined as greater than 20 mm/h in men and greater than 30 mm/h in women, unless other laboratory-specific reference values were reported. In 8 of 32 (25%) studies reporting the ESR, it was clearly stated the Westergren method was used.

^{^p}

From 15 of the analyzed studies.^{14,16,26,28,30,37,40,44,47,48,57,59,66,78,87}

^{^q}

From 9 of the analyzed studies.^{28,30,38,44,53,65,77,80,84}

^{^r}

Includes studies reporting an ESR of at least 50 mm/h.

^{^s}

From 18 of the analyzed studies.^{26,28,30,31,32,37,38,44,54,62,64,65,70,71,73,81,82,83}

^{^t}

From 6 of the analyzed studies.^{28,30,38,44,53,65}

^{^u}

From 7 of the analyzed studies.^{28,30,32,38,44,53,65}

^{^v}

Includes studies reporting a platelet count of at least 400 × 10³/μL.

^{^w}

From 5 of the analyzed studies.^{26,37,40,70,85}