. 2020 Aug 11;14:856. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00856

TABLE 1.

Demographic features, biochemical measurements, and neuropsychological performance.

Characteristic	HC (n = 28)	MCI (n = 28)	T2DM-MCI (n = 28)	T2DM (n = 28)	Diagnosis effect	p-value
Age, years	53.9 ± 1.2	56.6 ± 1.1	56.5 ± 1.2	54.8 ± 1.2	H = 4.32	0.229^a
Sex, female : male	15:13	20:8	17:11	18:10	χ² = 1.98	0.576^b
Education, years	12.3 ± 0.7	11.3 ± 0.6	11.0 ± 0.5	12.4 ± 0.6	H = 3.13	0.372^a
Duration of T2DM	-	-	8.2 ± 1.0	8.3 ± 1.3	t = 0.04	0.965^c
BMI, kg/m²	23.5 ± 0.5	23.1 ± 0.4	24.8 ± 0.5	25.8 ± 1.2	H = 8.59	0.035^a*
SBP, mm Hg	127.4 ± 3.8	128.8 ± 3.2	131.4 ± 3.3	127.1 ± 2.8	H = 1.65	0.648^a
DBP, mm Hg	79.0 ± 1.7	78.4 ± 1.9	80.1 ± 1.9	78.8 ± 1.9	F = 0.16	0.921^d
FPG, mmol/L	5.5 ± 0.1	5.5 ± 0.1	10.4 ± 0.6	8.6 ± 0.6	H = 73.05	< 0.0001^d *
HbA_1C (%)	5.5 ± 0.1	5.6 ± 0.1	9.8 ± 0.6	8.8 ± 0.3	H = 83.21	< 0.0001^{a *}
Total cholesterol, mmol/L	5.1 ± 0.2	5.4 ± 0.1	5.3 ± 0.2	4.8 ± 0.3	H = 7.34	0.062^a
TG, mmol/L	1.5 ± 0.1	1.9 ± 0.5	2.4 ± 0.4	2.6 ± 0.7	H = 5.54	0.137^a
HDL cholesterol, mmol/L	1.4 ± 0.1	1.5 ± 0.1	1.2 ± 0.1	1.1 ± 0.0	F = 9.33	< 0.0001^{d *}
LDL cholesterol, mmol/L	3.1 ± 0.1	3.4 ± 0.1	3.4 ± 0.2	2.9 ± 0.1	F = 3.51	0.018^d*
TMT-A	48.1 ± 2.4	60.1 ± 4.2	64.6 ± 4.2	49.6 ± 4.0	F = 4.54	0.005^d*
TMT-B	60.1 ± 4.0	79.3 ± 4.9	99.8 ± 8.7	68.8 ± 5.8	H = 19.58	< 0.0001^a*
MoCA score	27.7 ± 0.2	22.0 ± 0.5	22.1 ± 0.4	27.1 ± 0.2	H = 84.93	< 0.0001^{a *}
MMSE score	28.5 ± 0.2	27.1 ± 0.3	27.8 ± 0.2	28.3 ± 0.2	H = 13.97	0.003^{a *}

HC, healthy control; MCI, mild cognitive impairment; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HbA_1C, glycosylated hemoglobin; TG, triglyceride; HDL, high density lipoprotein; LDL, low density lipoprotein; Trail-Making Test, TMT; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; MMSE, mini mental state exam. Continuous variables are expressed as the means ± SEM. ^∗Significant p-values < 0.05. ^aIndicates p-values for the Kruskal–Wallis one-way ANOVA. ^bIndicates p-values for the chi-square test. ^cIndicates p-values for the independent two-sample t-test. ^dIndicates p-values for one-way ANOVA.