Table 1.
Demographic characteristics of parents/caregivers by income setting.
| Characteristics | Total (n = 265) | UH (n = 27) | UL (n = 96) | RL (n = 142) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | ||||
| Caregiver (n = 256) | 37.5 ± 11.7 | 41.4 ± 4.9 a | 34.0 ± 7.8 | 39.1 ± 13.9 |
| Child (n = 259) | 4.8 ± 0.7 | 5.3 ± 0.5 a,b | 4.7 ± 0.7 | 4.8 ± 0.6 |
| Relationship to the preschool child (n = 263) * | ||||
| Mother | 194 (73.8%) | 26 (96.3%) | 80 (85.1%) | 88 (62.0%) |
| Father | 11 (4.2%) | 1 (3.7%) | 7 (7.5%) | 3 (2.1%) |
| Grandmother | 47 (17.9%) | 0 | 4 (4.3%) | 43 (30.3%) |
| Other | 11 (4.2%) | 0 | 3 (3.2%) | 8 (5.6%) |
| Highest level of education (n = 260) * | ||||
| Grade 9 or lower | 46 (17.7%) | 0 | 4 (4.4%) | 42 (29.8%) |
| Grade 10–11 | 54 (20.8%) | 0 | 19 (20.7%) | 35 (24.8%) |
| Grade 12/matriculated | 90 (34.6%) | 4 (14.8%) | 42 (45.7%) | 44 (31.2%) |
| Tertiary diploma/certificate | 39 (15.0%) | 7 (25.9%) | 14 (15.2%) | 18 (12.8%) |
| University degree | 31 (11.9%) | 16 (59.3%) | 13 (14.1%) | 2 (1.4%) |
Data presented as n (%), except for age (years). UH = urban high-income, UL = urban low-income, RL = rural low-income. ‘‘Other’’ relationship includes grandfathers, aunts, and uncles. * p < 0.05 for difference between groups after robust test for unequal sample size applied. a Significant difference between UH and UL; b Significant difference between UH and RL; p < 0.05.