Figure 1.

Long-term repeated CCl₄ intoxication induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and unfolded protein responses (UPR). (A) Semi-quantitative PCR showed Xbp1s in CCl₄-treated livers of wild type and Lcn2^−/− mice. (B) Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) showing the ER stress-markers Grp94, Bip, Atf4, and Chop mRNA in relation to oil- (left panel) or CCl₄-treated wild type mice (right panel). Lcn2^−/− mice showed relative higher values compared to the wild type. (C) Western blot analysis showing increased GRP94, BiP, p-eIF2α, and p21 in CCl₄-treated mice, while showing lower levels of ATF6, IRE1α, and ATF4 in CCl₄-treated Lcn2^−/− mice. CHOP levels fluctuate between animals. (D) Graph depicting Western blot quantifications. Details about the statistics are given in Supplementary Table S1.