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. 2020 Jul 28;17(15):5445. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17155445

Table 3.

Associations of other, non-C-reactive protein (CRP), inflammatory biomarkers measured in blood with breast cancer risk from studies published January 2014 to April 2020 in PubMed.

Unique Study # [Citation #] Author, Year Study Analytic Sample Cases Units of Comparison Estimate Covariates
Adiponectin
1 [25] Agnoli, 2017 EPIC-Varese all women in study 351 highest vs. lowest tertile RR 0.73, 95% CI: 0.48, 1.11 age, BMI, family history of BC, age at menarche, parity, OC use, smoking, alcohol, education
postmenopausal women 167 RR 0.37, 95% CI: 0.19, 0.72
premenopausal women 180 RR 1.11, 95% CI: 0.61, 2.03
9 [32] Gunter, 2015 WHI postmenopausal women 875 highest vs. lowest quartile HR 0.76, 95% CI: 0.55, 1.06 age, BMI, ethnicity, alcohol, family history of BC, parity, years of menstruation, age at first birth, HRT use, endogenous estradiol levels, history of BBD, physical activity
Albumin
18 [37] Wulaningsih, 2015 AMRS cohort all women in study 6606 dichotomized at 40 g/L HR 0.97, 95% CI: 0.91, 1.05 age, SES
postmenopausal women 5623 HR 0.95, 95% CI: 0.88, 1.03
premenopausal women 3379 HR 0.92, 95% CI: 0.83, 1.02
Factor VII antigen activity
11 [33] Kabat, 2016 WHI postmenopausal women 275 baseline ≥ 135.5 vs. <110.5 mg/dL HR 1.12, 95% CI: 0.83, 1.52 age, BMI, education, ethnicity, treatment allocation
Factor VII concentration
11 [33] Kabat, 2016 WHI postmenopausal women 275 baseline ≥ 135.5 vs. <110.5 mg/dl HR 1.02, 95% CI: 0.75, 1.38 age, BMI, education, ethnicity, treatment allocation
Fibrinogen
2 [26] Allin, 2016 Danish cohort all women in study 822 highest vs. lowest tertile RR 1.05, 95% CI: 0.87, 1.27 age, BMI, physical activity, smoking, alcohol, OC use, HRT use
11 [33] Kabat, 2016 WHI postmenopausal women,
baseline measure 		275 ≥ 324.5 vs. <274.5 mg/dL HR 0.92, 95% CI: 0.67, 1.26 age, BMI, education, ethnicity, treatment allocation
postmenopausal women,
average measure 		260 average ≥ 316.6 vs. <273.1 mg/dL HR 0.86, 95% CI: 0.63, 1.18
postmenopausal women,
1-3 years measure 		108 HR 0.80, 95% CI: 1.47, 1.34 *
postmenopausal women,
2-4 years measure 		100 HR 0.94, 95% CI: 0.56, 1.60
postmenopausal women,
3-5 years measure 		98 HR 1.14, 95% CI: 0.67, 1.95
13 [35] Tobias, 2018 WHS all women in study 1497 highest vs. lowest quintile HR 1.25, 95% CI: 1.03, 1.51 age, BMI, treatment allocation, family history of BC, history of BBD, race/ethnicity, menopausal status, HRT use, age at menarche, parity, age at first birth, OC use, mammography screening, Alternative Healthy Eating Index 2010 score, physical activity, alcohol, smoking, other measured inflammatory biomarkers
postmenopausal women 859 per 1 SD increase in concentration HR 1.07, 95% CI: 0.98, 1.18
premenopausal women 393 HR 1.19, 95% CI: 1.03, 1.38
HRT non-users 682 HR 1.07, 95% CI: 0.96, 1.20
HRT past users 134 HR 1.25, 95% CI: 0.97, 1.60
HRT current users 679 HR 1.05, 95% CI: 0.94, 1.16
women with BMI < 25 kg/m2 759 HR 1.12, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.24
women with BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 727 HR 1.03, 95% CI: 0.94, 1.14
GlycA (circulating N-acetyl methyl groups)
13 [35] Tobias, 2018 WHS all women in study 1497 highest vs. lowest quintile HR 0.96, 95% CI: 0.79, 1.17 age, BMI, treatment allocation, family history of BC, history of BBD, race/ethnicity, menopausal status, HRT use, age at menarche, parity, age at first birth, OC use, mammography screening, Alternative Healthy Eating Index 2010 score, physical activity, alcohol, smoking, other measured inflammatory biomarkers
postmenopausal women 859 per 1 SD increase in concentration HR 0.95, 95% CI: 0.87, 1.03
premenopausal women 393 HR 0.97, 95% CI: 0.85, 1.10
HRT non-users 682 HR 0.97, 95% CI: 0.88, 1.07
HRT past users 134 HR 0.87, 95% CI: 0.70, 1.07
HRT current users 679 HR 1.02, 95% CI: 0.92, 1.13
women with BMI < 25 kg/m2 759 HR 1.00, 95% CI: 0.91, 1.10
women with BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 727 HR 0.96, 95% CI: 0.87, 1.06
Haptoglobin
18 [37] Wulaningsih, 2015 AMRS cohort all women in study 4764 dichotomized at 1.4 g/L HR 1.09, 95% CI: 1.00, 1.18 age, SES
postmenopausal women 4113 HR 1.09, 95% CI: 1.00, 1.19
premenopausal women 2514 HR 0.94, 95% CI: 0.83, 1.07
Hepatocyte growth factor
9 [32] Gunter, 2015 WHS postmenopausal women 874 highest vs. lowest quartile HR 1.20, 95% CI: 0.87, 1.65 age, BMI, ethnicity, alcohol, family history of BC, parity, years of menstruation, age at first birth, HRT use, endogenous estradiol levels, history of BBD, physical activity
Inflammatory Score
2 [26] Allin, 2016 Danish cohort all women in study 822 3 vs. 0 high inflammatory markers RR 1.42, 95% CI: 1.11, 1.80 age, BMI, physical activity, smoking, alcohol, OC use, HRT use
3 [27] Berger, 2018 EPIC-Italy and NSHDS all women in study 167 score difference in cases and controls β −1.72, 95% CI: −3.86, 0.42 age, study center, BMI, smoking, alcohol, physical activity, education, menopausal status, contraceptive use, age at menarche, HRT use, parity
time to diagnosis ≤ 6 years 49 β −2.88, 95% CI: −5.47, −0.29
time to diagnosis > 6 years 41 β −0.06, 95% CI: −2.86, 2.74
all women in study 167 PC1 difference in cases and controls β −1.00, 95% CI: −2.12, 0.12
time to diagnosis ≤ 6 years 49 β −1.55, 95% CI: −2.92, −0.18
time to diagnosis > 6 years 41 β −0.09, 95% CI: −1.56, 1.38
Interleukin-1β
6 [29] Dias, 2016 MDC cohort postmenopausal women 446 highest category vs. none OR 1.71, 95% CI: 1.05, 2.79 age, week of blood sampling, BMI, WHR, HRT use, parity, smoking, alcohol, physical activity, education
Interleukin-6
1 [25] Agnoli, 2017 EPIC-Varese all women in study 351 highest vs. lowest tertile RR 1.58, 95% CI: 0.89, 2.82 age, BMI, family history of BC, age at menarche, parity, OC use, smoking, alcohol, education
postmenopausal women 167 RR 1.53, 95% CI: 0.59, 3.96
premenopausal women 180 RR 1.89, 95% CI: 0.83, 4.28
9 [32] Gunter, 2015 WHI postmenopausal women 856 highest vs. lowest quartile HR 1.20, 95% CI: 0.85, 1.69 age, BMI, ethnicity, alcohol, family history of BC, parity, years of menstruation, age at first birth, HRT use, endogenous estradiol levels, history of BBD, physical activity
6 [29] Dias, 2016 MDC cohort postmenopausal women 446 highest vs. lowest tertile OR 0.80, 95% CI: 0.56, 1.15 age, week of blood sampling, BMI, WHR, HRT use, parity, smoking, alcohol, physical activity, education
Interleukin-8
6 [29] Dias, 2016 MDC cohort postmenopausal women 446 highest vs. lowest tertile OR 1.09, 95% CI: 0.71, 1.66 age, week of blood sampling, BMI, WHR, HRT use, parity, smoking, alcohol, physical activity, education
Leptin
1 [25] Agnoli, 2017 EPIC-Varese all women in study 351 highest vs. lowest tertile RR 0.83, 95% CI: 0.51, 1.37 age, BMI, family history of BC, age at menarche, parity, OC use, smoking, alcohol, education
postmenopausal women 167 RR 1.74, 95% CI: 0.83, 3.63
premenopausal women 180 RR 0.43, 95% CI: 0.20, 0.89
9 [32] Gunter, 2015 WHI postmenopausal women 874 highest vs. lowest quartile HR 1.39, 95% CI: 0.93, 2.09 age, BMI, ethnicity, alcohol, family history of BC, parity, years of menstruation, age at first birth, HRT use, endogenous estradiol levels, history of BBD, physical activity
Leukocyte count
2 [26] Allin, 2016 Danish cohort all women in study 822 highest vs. lowest tertile RR 1.33, 95% CI: 1.11, 1.58 age, BMI, physical activity, smoking, alcohol, OC use, HRT use
Lymphocytecount
6 [29] Dias, 2016 MDC cohort postmenopausal women 446 highest vs. lowest tertile OR 0.94, 95% CI: 0.68, 1.28 age, week of blood sampling, BMI, WHR, HRT use, parity, smoking, alcohol, physical activity, education
Neutrophil count
6 [29] Dias, 2016 MDC cohort postmenopausal women 446 highest vs. lowest tertile OR 1.04, 95% CI: 0.74, 1.46 age, week of blood sampling, BMI, WHR, HRT use, parity, smoking, alcohol, physical activity, education
Oxidized-LDL
6 [29] Dias, 2016 MDC cohort postmenopausal women 446 highest vs. lowest tertile OR 0.63, 95% CI: 0.45, 0.89 age, week of blood sampling, BMI, WHR, HRT use, parity, smoking, alcohol, physical activity, education
Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1
9 [32] Gunter, 2015 WHI postmenopausal women 858 highest vs. lowest quartile HR 1.33, 95% CI: 0.96, 1.86 age, BMI, ethnicity, alcohol, family history of BC, parity, years of menstruation, age at first birth, HRT use, endogenous estradiol levels, history of BBD, physical activity
postmenopausal, HRT non-users 403 HR 1.71, 95% CI: 1.02, 2.89
postmenopausal, HRT users 455 HR 1.17, 95% CI: 0.71, 1.93
Resistin
9 [32] Gunter, 2015 WHI postmenopausal women 875 highest vs. lowest quartile HR 0.93, 95% CI: 0.68, 1.27 age, BMI, ethnicity, alcohol, family history of BC, parity, years of menstruation, age at first birth, HRT use, endogenous estradiol levels, history of BBD, physical activity
Soluble intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1
13 [35] Tobias, 2018 WHS all women in study 1497 highest vs. lowest quintile HR 0.79, 95% CI: 0.66, 0.94 age, BMI, treatment allocation, family history of BC, history of BBD, race/ethnicity, menopausal status, HRT use, age at menarche, parity, age at first birth, OC use, mammography screening, Alternative Healthy Eating Index 2010 score, physical activity, alcohol, smoking, other measured inflammatory biomarkers
postmenopausal women 859 per 1 SD increase in concentration HR 0.95, 95% CI: 0.88, 1.02
premenopausal women 393 HR 0.96, 95% CI: 0.86, 1.08
HRT non-users 682 HR 0.97, 95% CI: 0.89, 1.06
HRT past users 134 HR 0.95, 95% CI: 0.78, 1.15
HRT current users 679 HR 0.90, 95% CI: 0.83, 0.98
women with BMI < 25 kg/m2 759 HR 0.93, 95% CI: 0.86, 1.01
women with BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 727 HR 0.94, 95% CI: 0.86,1.01
Tumor necrosis factor-α
1 [25] Agnoli, 2017 EPIC-Varese all women in study 351 highest vs. lowest tertile RR 1.36, 95% CI: 0.79, 2.34 age, BMI, family history of BC, age at menarche, parity, OC use, smoking, alcohol, education
postmenopausal women 167 RR 0.86, 95% CI: 0.39, 1.89
premenopausal women 180 RR 2.15, 95% CI: 0.95, 4.86
9 [32] Gunter, 2015 WHI postmenopausal women 856 highest vs. lowest quartile HR 0.82, 95% CI: 0.59, 1.14 age, BMI, ethnicity, alcohol, family history of BC, parity, years of menstruation, age at first birth, HRT use, endogenous estradiol levels, history of BBD, physical activity
6 [29] Dias, 2016 MDC Cohort postmenopausal women 446 highest vs. lowest tertile OR 0.65, 95% CI: 0.43, 0.99 age, week of blood sampling, BMI, WHR, HRT use, parity, smoking, alcohol, physical activity, education
White blood cell count
4 [28] Busch, 2018 WHI postmenopausal, invasive cancer 4328 dichotomized at 10,000 cells/uL HR 1.06, 95% CI: 0.87, 1.30 age, race/ethnicity, cohort enrollment, age at menarche, age at menopause, HRT use, breastfeeding, BMI, smoking status, caregiving, negative life events, physical activity, sleep quality
postmenopausal, in situ cancer 1049 HR 1.65, 95% CI: 1.17, 2.33
6 [29] Dias, 2016 MDC Cohort postmenopausal women 446 highest vs. lowest tertile OR 0.93, 95% CI: 0.67, 1.30 age, week of blood sampling, BMI, WHR, HRT use, parity, smoking, alcohol, physical activity, education
8 [31] Frydenberg, 2016 Norwegian cohort all women in study 192 highest vs. lowest tertile HR 1.04, 95% CI: 0.77. 1.41 age, BMI, number of children, smoking
postmenopausal women 149 HR 1.03, 95% CI: 0.73, 1.46
premenopausal women 43 HR 1.02, 95% CI: 0.54, 1.94
18 [37] Wulaningsih, 2015 AMRS cohort all women in study 2265 dichotomized at 10 109/L HR 1.07, 95% CI: 0.90, 1.28 age, SES
postmenopausal women 1960 HR 1.06, 95% CI: 0.88, 1.28
premenopausal women 962 HR 1.04, 95% CI: 0.81, 1.32

Notes: AMRS = Apolipoprotein Mortality Risk Study; BBD = benign breast disease; BC = breast cancer; BMI = body mass index; EPIC = European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and nutrition; HRT = hormone replacement therapy; MDC = Malmö Diet and Cancer; NSHDS = Northern Sweden Health and Disease Study; OC = oral contraceptive; SES = socioeconomic status; WHI = Women’s Health Initiative; WHS = Women’s Health Study; WHR = waist-to-hip ratio; * 95% CI appears as reported in original publication. Unique study # distinguishes the 18 different studies from the 16 publications identified in this review and can be used to cross-reference with Table 1. Citation # corresponds to the reference number of each publication in this review and can be cross-referenced with the Reference list at the end of the paper.