Table 3.

Concentrations (µM, except for SM 20:1 expressed in nM) of sphingolipids (SPLs) in blood of male and female offspring at day 25 of lactation period and suckled by dams fed control or western diet.

Lipid Species (µM)				Groups			2-Way ANOVA
	WD	C	WD-F	WD-M	C-F	C-M	Global Effects
n	11	11	6	5	5	6	Inter	Diet	Sex
Cer 12:0	0.157 ± 0.007	0.143 ± 0.007	0.152 ±0.008,	0.164 ± 0.012	0.152 ± 0.009	0.135 ± 0.011	0.160	0.191	0.791
Cer 16:0	0.194 ± 0.018	0.214 ± 0.008	0.195 ±0.032	0.191 ± 0.015	0.227 ± 0.014	0.204 ± 0.007	0.658	0.295	0.518
Cer 18:0	0.627 ± 0.138	0.395 ± 0.031	0.742 ± 0.235	0.511 ± 0.123	0.409 ± 0.043	0.384 ± 0.048	0.525	0.145	0.425
Cer 18:1)	0.008 ± 0.0004	0.008 ± 0.0002	0.009 ± 0.0006	0.008 ± 0.0005	0.009 ± 0.0003	0.009 ± 0.0003	0.548	0.393	0.559
Cer 22:0	0.846 ± 0.116	0.720 ± 0.053	0.925 ± 0.156	0.751 ± 0.182	0.819 ± 0.088	0.637 ± 0.044	0.973	0.182	0.402
Cer 24:0	4.107 ± 0.335	3.280 ± 0.156 a	4.639 ± 0.447 $$$	3.468 ± 0.360	3.727 ± 0.189	2.908 ± 0.083 **	<0.001	<0.001	0.0006
Cer 24:1)	1.290 ± 0.169	0.996 ± 0.047	1.392 ± 0.230	1.169 ± 0.267	1.091 ± 0.076	0.918 ± 0.041	0.891	0.142	0.286
C18:S1P)	3.329 ± 0.191	3.202 ± 0.154	3.524 ± 0.249	3.096 ± 0.289	3.256 ± 0.277	3.157 ± 0.186	0.517	0.683	0.305
Hex-Cer 16:0	0.585 ± 0.087	0.538 ± 0.029	0.631 ± 0.152	0.529 ± 0.077	0.555 ± 0.056	0.524 ± 0.032	0.714	0.678	0.499
Hex-Cer 24:1	0.841 ± 0.088	0.780 ± 0.054	0.923 ± 0.131	0.743 ± 0.110	0.867 ± 0.093	0.707 ± 0.050	0.925	0.658	0.111
Hex-Cer 24:0)	0.225 ± 0.023	0.256 ± 0.015	0.266 ± 0.032	0.176 ± 0.016 * $	0.281 ± 0.026	0.234 ± 0.013	0.378	0.141	0.009
Lacto-Cer 16:0	0.146 ± 0.031	0.109 ± 0.017	0.121 ± 0.033	0.176 ± 0.057	0.135 ± 0.032	0.087 ± 0.014	0.169	0.309	0.931
Lacto-Cer 24:1	0.049 ± 0.008	0.028 ± 0.006	0.057 ± 0.012 $	0.040 ± 0.010	0.019 ± 0.008	0.035 ± 0.009	0.129	0.050	0.976
SM 12:0	0.001 ± 0.000	0.005 ± 0.000 c	0.001 ± 0.000 $$$	0.001 ± 0.000 $$$	0.004 ± 0.007	0.005 ± 0.000	0.981	<0.001	0.751
SM 14:0	0.014 ± 0.000	0.038 ± 0.002 c	0.015 ± 0.000 $$$	0.013 ± 0.000 * $$$	0.037 ± 0.003	0.038 ± 0.002	0.940	<0.001	0.405
SM 16:0	0.109 ± 0.006	0.270 ± 0.004 c	0.101 ± 0.009 $$$	0.117 ± 0.005 $$$	0.267 ± 0.003	0.271 ± 0.008	0.424	<0.001	0.191
SM 18:0	0.109 ± 0.006	0.270 ± 0.004 c	0.049 ± 0.007	0.041 ± 0.008 $$$	0.072 ± 0.005	0.097 ± 0.008	0.038	<0.001	0.252
SM 20:0	0.019 ± 0.002	0.031 ± 0.001 c	0.019 ± 0.003 $$	0.017 ± 0.002 $$$	0.032 ± 0.001	0.030 ± 0.002	0.288	<0.001	0.875
SM 22:0	0.064 ± 0.009	0.110 ± 0.005 b	0.071 ± 0.015 $	0.055 ± 0.011 $$	0.110 ± 0.010	0.111 ± 0.004	0.465	0.004	0.504
SM 24:0)	0.081 ± 0.014	0.140 ± 0.008 b	0.095 ± 0.021	0.065 ± 0.016 $	0.143 ± 0.018	0.138 ± 0.008	0.456	0.002	0.305
SM 18:1	0.046 ± 0.005	0.086 ± 0.006 c	0.011 ± 0.008 $$	0.010 ± 0.000 $$$	0.015 ± 0.000	0.017 ± 0.001	0.127	<0.001	0.631
SM 20:1 (nM)	0.477 ± 0.045	1.094 ± 0.065 c	0.450 ± 0.058 $$$	0.509 ± 0.075 $$$	0.983 ± 0.072	1.186 ± 0.091	0.357	<0.001	0.104
SM 24:1	0.074 ± 0.008	0.133 ± 0.007 c	0.079 ± 0.014 $	0.067 ± 0.009 $$$	0.129 ± 0.014	0.136 ± 0.006	0.408	<0.001	0.839
Cer total	7.230 ± 0.722	5.758 ± 0.261	8.036 ± 1.027	6.263 ± 0.924	6.434 ± 0.352	5.195 ± 0.168 **	0.719	0.083	0.0533
LC-Cer total	0.821 ± 0.151	0.609 ± 0.038	0.920 ± 0.259	0.702 ± 0.137	0.635 ± 0.056	0.588 ± 0.0540	0.663	0.302	0.516
Very LC-Cer total	0.821 ± 0.151	0.609 ± 0.038	0.60 ± 0.09	0.60 ± 0.09	1.65 ± 0.25	0.95 ± 0.26 **	0.671	0.0434	0.0197
Hexo/Lacto-Cer total	11.100 ± 1.080	9.768 ± 0.472	12.430 ± 1.573	9.510 ± 1.254	9.622 ± 1.153	8.889 ± 0.373	0.661	0.327	0.041
SM total	0.419 ± 0.043	0.830 ± 0.026 c	0.442 ± 0.070 $$$	0.391 ± 0.052 $$$	0.809 ± 0.047	0.847 ± 0.030	0.406	< 0.001	0.860

Values were mean ± SEM and were analyzed with two-way ANOVA with dam’s diet and offspring sex factors. ANOVA was followed by Sidak’s multiple comparisons post-hoc test for comparisons between both diet groups for each sex with $, p <0.05, $$, p <0.01 and $$$, p <0.001 significantly different. For each biomarker, values of p-values (assessed by Mann–Whitney U test) between “western diet” and “control diet” groups, regardless of sex group, were reported with a, b, c significantly different; p < 0.05, p < 0.01 or p < 0.001, respectively. Values of p-values (assessed by Mann–Whitney U test) between “female” and “male” groups considering each diet group, were reported with *, p< 0.05, **, p< 0.01 significantly different. LC-Cer: Long chain ceramide (from 16 to 20 carbons) and Very LC-Cer that contains at least 22 carbons.