Table 4.

Shortcomings of AI-based technologies and capabilities of nature-inspired computing (NIC).

Shortcomings of Big Data Analytics	Shortcomings of AI-Based Technologies	Capabilities of NIC to Resolve Shortcomings
Determining the accuracy and reliability of social media posts.	Accuracy of classification of features is by backward propagation methods that suffer from over-fitting and under-fitting [93].	Uses randomized parameters to find the most or near-optimal solution that maximizes the classification accuracy.
The architecture for data sharing and merging remains one of the shortcomings considering the widespread geographical dimension for quick case detection and tracing of contacts.	Once the network learns one set of weight, any new learning causes catastrophic forgetting [94]	It applies randomization to learn new parameters to optimize learning.
	Back-propagation can be optimized locally but it fails globally which affects the accuracy of classification.	Ability to exploit local search and find the most optimal global result [76].