Table 3.

Features of some of the most commonly used imaging radionuclides.

Modality	Radio-nuclide	Physical Half-Life	Production	Target /Parent Isotope	Primary Precursor	Main Emissions
SPECT	99mTc	6.01 h	Generator (99Mo/99mTc)	99Mo, parent isotope	[99mTc]TcO4Na	γ, 141 keV
	111In	2. 81 d	Cyclotron 111Cd(p,n)111In 112Cd(p,2n)111In	111/112Cd-enriched sample	[111In]InCl	γ, 245, 171 keV
	67Ga	78.3 h	Cyclotron (68Zn(p, 2n)67Ga)	68Zn-enriched sample	[67Ga]GaCl3	γ, 300, 181, 93 keV
	123I	13.2 h	Cyclotron (124Te(p, 2n)123I)	124Te-enriched sample	[123I]I2	γ, 159 keV
PET	13N	9.97 min	Cyclotron 16O(p, α)13N	H2O H2O+ethanol	[13N]NO2/3 [13N]NH3	100% β+, 1200 keV
	11C	20.4 min	Cyclotron 14N(p,α)11C	N2(+O2) N2(+H2)	[11C]CO2 [11C]CH4	99% β+, 960 keV
	18F	109.8 min	Cyclotron 20Ne(d,α)18F 18O(p,n)18F	Ne(+F2) [18O]H2O	[18F]F2 [18F]F− aq.	97% β+, 630 keV; 3% electron capture
	68Ga	68 min	Generator (68Ge/68Ga)	68Ge, parent isotope	[68Ga]GaCl3	90% β+, 1830 keV; 10% electron capture
	64Cu	12.7 h	Cyclotron 64Ni(p,n)64Cu	64Ni-enriched sample	[64Cu]CuCl2	18% β+, 650 keV; 39% β−, 579 keV; 43% electron capture
	89Zr	78.4 h	Cyclotron 89Y(p,n)89Zr	89Y-enriched sample	[89Zr]Zr(C2O4)2	77% electron capture; 23% β+, 902 keV