Figure 2.

TMARg promotes early osteoblast differentiation. (A,B) Pre-osteoblasts were seeded onto 24-well plates (2 × 10⁴ cells/well) and were cultured in osteogenic supplement medium (OS) containing 50 µg/mL l-AA and 10 mM β-GP in the absence or presence of TMARg (0, 0.1, 1, 10, and 30 µM) for five days. The levels of ALP staining were detected using a digital camera (upper) and a colorimetric detector (bottom) (A). ALP-stained cells were observed by using a light microscope (bottom: magnified images). The arrowhead indicates the magnified region (B). (C) After the cells were seeded onto 48-well plates (1 × 10⁴ cells/well), ALP activity was measured at 405 nm using the Multiskan GO Microplate Spectrophotometer. Scale bar: 100 µm. The data are representative of the results of three independent experiments. Data represent the means ± SEMs of the experiments. *, p < 0.05 was considered significantly different, compared to the control. #, p < 0.05 was considered significantly different, compared to the OS.