Table 1.
Proteomic strategy and main findings in peritoneal dialysis.
| Proteomic Strategy | Condition | Findings | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2DE followed by LC–MS/MS and WB | Uremia | Higher in uremia: KNG1, apoptosis inhibitor 2, CECR2, and APOA1. | [24] |
| 2DE followed by LC–MS/MS | Diabetes mellitus | Higher in diabetic: DBP, HP, and B2M. Lower in diabetic: C4A and IgK. |
[32] |
| RP-nano-UPLC–ESI–MS/MS followed by peptide fragmentation patterning | Diabetic vs. chronic glomerulonephritis | Upregulated in diabetic: APOA-IV, AZGP1, AIF4A1, and HLA-A. Downregulated in diabetic: albumin, AMBP, APOA-I, IgG1-Fc, mutant RBP, and HP alpha2. |
[33] |
| 2DE followed by LC–MS/MS | Chronic glomerulonephritis at the beginning of CAPD and after 1 year | Higher at the beginning: IGHM, FGG, and CRP. Higher after 1 year: IGHD, SERPINA1, HRG, APOA-I, and SAP. |
[34] |
| ACN- and DTT-based methods before 2-D GE and MS | PD | Loss of DBP, HP, CP may be negative for PD. Removal of adipokine or RBP4 may be positive. | [38] |
| CPLL and 2DE | CPLL treatment in PDE from pediatric patients | Decrease in CPLL-treated samples: albumin, Ig, SERPINA1, TF, and A1M. Decrease along PD of GSN and increase of ITLN1. |
[44] |
| 1DE with nano-RP-HPLC–ESI–MS/MS and 2-DE with MALDI-TOF–MS | PD solutions at glucose 1.5%, 2.5%, or 4.25% | Under-expressed in 4.25% glucose: SERPINA1, FGB, APO A-IV, and TTR. | [46] |
| Multiple Affinity Removal LC Column-Human 6, 2DE DIGE, MS and 2D WB | Stay-Safe Balance vs. Physioneal solutions | Increase in higher glucose concentration: AGEs in PDE. | [49] |
| 2DE and MS | 7.5% icodextrin solution vs. 3.86% glucose solution | Higher removal of B2M and CST3 with 7.5% icodextrin solution. | [52] |
| 1D immunoblot, 2D-DIGE, 2D WB, and saturation labeling | Standard PD solution vs. AlaGn-containing PD solution | AlaGln-containing solution reduced PM injury and improved cellular stress. Inhibition of upstream IFG, VEGF, and TGF-β1. | [42] |
| MALDI-Q-TOF–MS and MS/MS | Different transport rates | Increased in high transport: C4A, IGK. | [65] |
| 2D DIGE and MALDI-TOF–MS/MS | Different PM types | Increased in high transport: DBP, C3, APOA1. | [66] |
| MALDI-TOF–MS and glycosylation profile | PM transport rate | Positively associated with triantennary glycans and the α2,6-syalilation of those, and negatively associated with diantennary glycans and the α2,6-syalilation. | [67] |
| LC–MS | CKD and PD on omental arterioles of pediatric patients | CKD: activation of metabolic processes. PD: inflammatory, immunologic, and stress-response cascades. Dialytic glucose correlates with PD vasculopathy and activation of TGF-β pathways. Activated complement system and TGF-β signaling cascade in PD vasculopathy. |
[73] |
| Glycosylation profile | Type 2 diabetes | Different IgG N-glycosylation patterns in diabetes. | [75] |
| MALDI-TOF–MS and glycosylation profile | Different PD solutions over time | Increase of an IgG glycosylation pattern over time and in peritonitis. | [67] |
| 2DE and SELDI-TOF–MS | Peritonitis | Increased in peritonitis: B2M. | [84] |
| 2DE and RP-nano-HPLC–ESI–MS/MS | Peritonitis | Higher in peritonitis: HP, SERPINC1. Decreased in peritonitis: HSP70 1A/1B, APOA-1, ITIH4, FGG and FGB, CP, SERPINA1, and AZGP1. |
[85] |
| Magnetic bead separation and MALDI-TOF–MS | Peritonitis | Different 1-15 kDa protein and peptide patterns. | [86] |
| MALDI-TOF–MS and radioactive iron-labeled transferrin | Peritonitis | Increased in peritonitis: iron-saturated transferrin. It can also act as bacteria growth source. | [87] |
| 2D SDS-PAGE/MS and iTRAQ | EPS | 3 to 5 years before EPS: changes in COL1A1, g-actin, CFB and CFI, and SERPINA1. 2 years before EPS: GSN, APOA2, APOA4, and HBB. With EPS symptoms: ORM, ITLN1, and AHSG chain B. |
[94] |
| Immunogold staining and TEM | Dialysis efficiency | Exosomal AQP1 positively correlates with PD effluent and ultrafiltration, free water transport, and Na sieving. | [99] |
| LC–MS/MS | PM transport rate | Different extracellular vesicles proteome patterns upon PET. | [101] |
2DE, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis; LC, liquid chromatography; MS, mass spectrometry; MS/MS, tandem MS; WB, Western blot; RP-nano-UPLC–ESI–MS/MS, reverse-phase nano-ultra performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–tandem mass spectrometry; ACN, acetonitrile; DTT, DL-dithiotreitol; CPLL, combinatorial peptide ligand library; 1DE, one-dimensional gel electrophoresis; AGE, advanced glycosylation end products; RP-nano-HPLC–ESI–MS/MS, reverse phase nano-high performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–tandem mass spectrometry; 2D-DIGE, two-dimensional differential gel electrophoresis; MALDI-(Q)-TOF, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (quadrupole) time-of-flight; SDS-PAGE, two-dimensional sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; iTRAQ, isobaric tagging for relative and absolute quantification; TEM, transmission electron microscopy; CAPD, continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis; CKD, chronic kidney disease; EPS, encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis; PET, peritoneal equilibrium test.