TABLE 1.

Association between sarcopenia and poor outcomes in PAD patients

Reference	Patients population	Number of patients	Assessment method			Outcomes measured	Main results
			Muscle strength	Muscle mass/quality	Physical performance
Shimazoe et al., 2019, Ann Vasc Surg 26	CLI	110	‐	Skeletal muscle areas at the L3 level (CT)	Measures of basic aspects of activities related to self‐care and mobility	3‐year overall survival; amputation‐free survival	Low activity of daily living was significantly associated with worse 3‐year overall survival and amputation‐free survival in patients with CLI and low muscle mass (defined as skeletal muscle area <114.0 cm2 for men and <89.8 cm2 for women).
Taniguchi et al., 2019, Ann Vasc Dis 25	CLI	75	‐	Cross‐sectional area of the psoas major muscles (CT)	‐	Limb salvage and overall survival	Low muscle mass (21.4 ± 3.8 kg/m2 in the sarcopenic group vs. 23.5 ± 3.1 kg/m2 in the non‐sarcopenic group) was associated with significantly lower limb salvage rates (73% vs. 100% at 2 years, P < 0.05) and overall survival rates (60% vs. 87% at 3 years, P < 0.05)
Morisaki et al., 2019, Vascular 24	CLI	127	‐	Low skeletal muscle mass index (CT)	Non‐ambulatory status	Overall survival	Low muscle mass (defined as skeletal muscle area <114.0 cm2 for men and <89.8 cm2 for women) was associated with significantly lower overall survival (89.7% in the CLI Frailty group vs. 60.5% in the CLI Non‐frailty group at 2 years after revascularization, P < 0.01)
Reeve et al., 2018, J Vasc Surg 19	Vascular disease (AAA, carotid stenosis, PAD)	311	Dominant hand grip strength	‐	‐ N‐	Comorbidity, cardiac risk	Low muscle strength (19.7 ± 6.5 kg in the frail vs. 36.8 ± 10.3 kg in the non‐frail patients) was associated with comorbidity (based on Charlson comorbidity index with 6.4 ± 2.2 points vs. 5.2 ± 2.2 points, P < 0.0001) and cardiac risk (based on revised cardiac risk index with 1.8 ± 0.8 vs. 1.5 ± 0.7, P < 0.018)
Sugai et al., 2018, Circ J 18	PAD	327	‐	Psoas muscle value (CT)	‐	Major adverse cardiovascular and limb events	Patients with major adverse cardiovascular and limb events had significantly lower mean psoas muscle value (41.0 ± 7.4 vs. 46.7 ± 5.7 Hounsfield unit, P < 0.001) than those without
Matsubara et al., 2017, J Vasc Surg 23	CLI	114	‐	Vertebral body at the L3 level (CT)	‐	Cardiovascular event‐free survival	Low muscle mass (defined as skeletal muscle area <114.0 cm2 for men and <89.8 cm2 for women) was associated with lower cardiovascular event‐free survival rates (43.1% for patients with sarcopenia vs. 91.2% without sarcopenia at 3 years, P < 0.01)
Nyers et al., 2017, J Vasc Surg 21	PAD	188	‐	Psoas‐L4 verterbal index (Cross‐sectional area of the bilateral psoas muscles and vertebral body at the L4 level) (CT)	‐	Amputation‐free survival	Muscle mass did not predict amputation‐free survival (with a psoas‐L4 vertebral index at 1.79 ± 0.55 for patients with 3 years amputation‐free survival vs. 1.78 ± 0.57 for patients without 3 years amputation‐free survival)
Matsubara et al., 2015, J Vasc Surg 22	CLI	64	‐	Vertebral body at the L3 level (CT)	‐	Overall survival	Low muscle mass (defined as skeletal muscle area <114.0 cm2 for men and <89.8 cm2 for women) was associated with lower survival rates (23.5% for patients with sarcopenia vs. 77.5% without sarcopenia at 5 years, P < 0.001)
McDermott et al., 2012, J Am Coll Cardiol 17	PAD	434	Knee extension/Isometric knee extension/Plantar flexion powerHand grip strength	Calf muscle density (CT)	‐	Comorbidities and mortality	Lower calf muscle density was associated with higher cardiovascular disease mortality. Low plantar flexion strength, low baseline leg power and poor handgrip were associated with higher all‐cause mortality (using proportional hazards analyses)
Singh et al., 2010, J Vasc Surg 20	PAD	410	Knee extension/Isometric knee extension/Hip extension/Hip flexion power	‐	‐	Mortality	Low baseline strength for knee flexion/extension and hip extension were associated with higher all‐cause mortality in men. Poorer strength for knee flexion and hip extension were associated with higher cardiovascular mortality in men (using proportional hazards analyses)

AAA, abdominal aortic aneurysm, CLI, critical limb ischemia; CT, computed tomography; F, female; M, male; PAD, peripheral artery disease.