Table 2.

Endocrine and immune parameters in piglets of different treatment groups.

	Treatment Group			p-Value (F-Test)
Parameter	DA	DG	C	Treatment	Time	Sex	Treatment × Time × Sex	Treatment × Time	Treatment × Sex
Cortisol (ng/mL)				0.614	<0.001	0.311	0.882	0.543	0.870
0 h	32.50 ± 10.41	31.79 ± 10.81	35.27 ± 10.81
1 h	92.80 ± 10.42	75.96 ± 10.81	88.16 ± 10.81
3 h	218.61 ± 10.42	191.87 ± 10.81	186.62 ± 10.81
6 h	98.21 ± 10.42	107.90 ± 10.81	102.11 ± 10.81
24 h	26.24 ± 10.42	20.70 ± 10.81	22.10 ± 10.81
TNF-α (ng/mL)				0.127	<0.001	0.354	<0.01	< 0.05	0.094
0 h	0.11 ± 1.85	0.05 ± 1.92	0.05 ± 1.92
1 h	15.09 ± 1.85 b	21.20 ± 1.92	27.53 ± 1.92 a
3 h	5.30 ± 1.85	4.96 ± 1.92	5.48 ± 1.92
6 h	1.25 ± 1.85	1.18 ± 1.92	1.36 ± 1.92
24 h	0.12 ± 1.85	0.06 ± 1.92	0.07 ± 1.92
IL-6 (ng/mL)				0.837	<0.001	0.575	0.920	0.998	0.600
0 h	0.01 ± 0.34	0.02 ± 0.36	0.02 ± 0.36
1 h	0.09 ± 0.34	0.14 ± 0.36	0.22 ± 0.36
3 h	2.21 ± 0.34	2.35 ± 0.36	2.75 ± 0.36
6 h	0.33 ± 0.34	0.43 ± 0.36	0.43 ± 0.36
24 h	0.04 ± 0.34	0.04 ± 0.36	0.05 ± 0.36
IL-10 (pg/mL)				0.681	<0.001	0.354	0.180	0.919	0.771
0 h	22.99 ± 8.50	20.80 ± 8.74	26.93 ± 8.76
1 h	93.04 ± 8.50	97.12 ± 8.74	111.87 ± 8.76
3 h	23.30 ± 8.50	18.67 ± 8.74	20.09 ± 8.76
6 h	54.37 ± 8.50	47.10 ± 8.74	58.81 ± 8.76
24 h	50.85 ± 8.50	55.16 ± 8.74	56.76 ± 8.76
TNF-α/IL-10 ratio				0.231	<0.001	0.067	0.278	0.191	0.721
0 h	7.87 ± 16.42	13.69 ± 17.04	10.03 ± 17.04
1 h	155.96 ± 16.42	217.86 ± 17.04	237.24 ± 17.04
3 h	10.60 ± 16.42	8.34 ± 17.04	9.33 ± 17.04
6 h	97.47 ± 16.42	123.87 ± 17.04	106.60 ± 17.04
24 h	26.90 ± 16.42	26.18 ± 17.04	27.96 ± 17.04

DA (deprivation alone), DG (deprivation with a group of littermates) and C (control, no deprivation). Data are expressed as LS means ± SE. Within a row, significant differences are indicated by different superscript letters (at least p < 0.05; Tukey-Kramer test; n = 16 pigs per treatment group).