Table 3.
Gut hormone concentrations (means ± SD) of the experimental group (EG) and control group (CG) measured 24 h before the start of Ramadan (T0), on the 15th day of Ramadan (T1), the day after the end of Ramadan (T2) and 21 days after the end of Ramadan (T3).
| Measures | Group | Time of Measurement | p-Values (ES) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T0 | T1 | T2 | T3 | Time | Group | Group × Time | ||
| Leptin (ng/mL) | EG | 10.32 ± 2.26 | 10.70 ± 1.87 * | 9.93 ± 2.05 ** | 10.64 ± 2.18 * | 0.004 (0.15) | 0.45 (0.02) | 0.02 (0.11) |
| CG | 10.84 ± 0.48 | 10.68 ± 0.48 | 10.72 ± 0.70 | 10.96 ± 0.47 | ||||
| Ghrelin (pg/mL) | EG | 908.66 ± 187.70 | 877.67 ± 193.71 | 880.33 ± 135.20 | 925.33 ± 166.08 | 0.08 (0.09) | 0.06 (0.24) | 0.74 (0.008) |
| CG | 1066.00 ± 190.06 | 1023.00 ± 117.81 | 1006.00 ± 155.04 | 1093.00 ± 149.79 | ||||
| GLP-1 (ng/dL) | EG | 0.69 ± 0.18 | 0.67 ± 0.18 | 0.66 ± 0.19 ** | 0.67 ± 0.19 | 0.01 (0.14) | 0.016 (0.07) | 0.02 (0.12) |
| CG | 0.76 ± 0.15 | 0.75 ± 0.16 | 0.71 ± 0.14 | 0.81 ± 0.14 ** | ||||
| PYY (µg/mL) | EG | 0.43 ± 0.12 | 0.45 ± 0.10 | 0.39 ± 0.12 ** | 0.43 ± 0.11 | 0.004 (0.16) | 0.01 (0.21) | 0.02 (0.12) |
| CG | 0.49 ± 0.06 | 0.50 ± 0.07 | 0.48 ± 0.06 | 0.56 ± 0.070 ** | ||||
| CCK (ng/dL) | EG | 0.44 ± 0.10 | 0.44 ± 0.10 | 0.39 ± 0.09 ** | 0.45 ± 0.06 ** | 0.001 (0.18) | 0.007 (0.23) | 0.001 (0.21) |
| CG | 0.47 ± 0.12 | 0.46 ± 0.70 | 0.52 ± 0.30 | 0.57 ± 0.95 ** | ||||
GLP-1: glucagon-like peptide-1; PYY: peptide YY; CCK: cholecystokinin; * significant differences from T0. * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; ES: Effect size.