Table 1.

Countries, their markers, some public health measures, and outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic.

No.	Countries [24]	Pre-Existing Conditions [19]	Preventive Measures	Results [18,24]
1	Taiwan [52], South Korea [43,44,51], Hong Kong [29,30], Singapore [29,49], Japan [43]	High population density. Old age population in Japan. Prepared health care system. Culture of social-distancing. Previous experience with SARS.	Rapid implementation of public health measurements with community-based support. Closures, social distancing, personal hygiene, masks-on strategy. Nationwide and random COVID-19 testing with different types of methods. Personal tracking of cases and clusters, follow-up, isolation, quarantine, and re-testing during quarantine.	Under Control (Figure 2)
2	UAE [53]	High population density in urban areas. Developed health care system. Rising temperatures and relative humidity.	Nationwide closure. Lockdown on cities. Rapid implementation of public health measurements with community-based support. Closures, social distancing, personal hygiene, masks-on strategy. Nationwide and random COVID-19 testing by different types of methods. Personal tracking of cases and clusters, follow-up, isolation, quarantine, and re-testing during quarantine. Educational institutes closed quickly. Online teaching implemented in schools and universities, like in Ajman University, Ajman, UAE. Work from home. Public transportation stopped. Sanitizing huge areas in cities during nights. Availability of personal protection equipment and other items of medical significance ensured by government. Establishment of services to prevent spreading COVID-19 (such as Dawak Li Darek in Ajman, UAE, delivering chronic patients the needed drugs to their doorsteps.) Initial closure of malls except supermarkets and pharmacies. Guidelines for outlets permitted to receive customers after opening [53]: limited entry of customers to 30 percent of its capacity maintained distance of at least two meters between customers no crowding allowed Recommendations to the public [53]: observe physical/social distancing wear face masks and gloves outdoors stay at home (unless needed for purchase of food, medicine or to receive medical care or being employed in vital sectors Follow the guidelines on family visits follow medical advice issued by relevant authorities perform prayers at home do not enter shopping malls and outlets if above 60 years or below 12 years	Under Control (Figure 8 and Figure 9)
3	Germany, Turkey	Old age population in Germany. High population density in urban areas. Prepared health care system.	Quick closure of educational institutes. Lockdown on time. Work from home. Rapid implementation of public health measurements with community-based support. Closures, social distancing, personal hygiene, masks-on strategy. Nationwide and random COVID-19 testing with different types of methods. Personal tracking of cases and clusters, follow-up, isolation, quarantine, and re-testing during quarantine.	Under control (Figure 3)
4	Italy [51], Spain	Old age population. Low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations in elderly population.	Late lockdown. Lack of harsh preventive measures. Delayed implementation of mobility restrictions. Closures, social distancing, personal hygiene, masks-on strategy. Late nationwide and random COVID-19 testing. Late tracking of cases and clusters, follow-up, isolation, quarantine, and re-testing during quarantine. Unprepared, overwhelmed health care system due to major outbreak.	Hit hard, under control now (Figure 4)
5	USA [46], UK	Unprepared, overwhelmed health care system due to major outbreak.	Delayed lockdown. Lack of harsh preventive measures. Lack of prevention strategy. Late ban on mobility. Late nationwide and random COVID-19 testing. Late personal tracking of cases and clusters, follow-up, isolation, quarantine, and re-testing during quarantine.	Hit hard, ongoing outbreak (Figure 5 and Figure 6)
6	Sweden [27]	Prepared health care system.	No lockdown	Ongoing outbreak (Figure 1)
7	Latin America [47,51]	Unprepared or poor health care system. Overlap with epidemics (Dengue, Malaria, Measles, Zika)	Delayed lockdown. Lack of harsh preventive measures. Lack of prevention strategy. Late ban on mobility.	Hit hard (Figure 7)
8	India [56]	Unprepared health care system. High population density in urban areas.	Work from home. All services except emergency services locked down. Janata curfew. Lockdown in metropolitan cities.	Hardly under control (Figure 9)