Table 1.

The roles of immune cells in the development fibrosis.

Cell Subsets	Roles in Fibrosis	Diseases/Models	References
Macrophages	Promote liver fibrosis	NFκB-induced or CCl4-induced liver fibrosis BDL-induced liver fibrosis	[8,9,10,11]
	M2 macrophages promote renal fibrosis	UUO-induced renal fibrosis	[16]
	Kupffer cells promote fibrosis	CCl4-induced liver fibrosis	[4,21]
	Kupffer cells contribute to liver fibrosis resolution	Thioacetamide-induced liver fibrosis	[22]
	Segregated nucleus-containing atypical monocytes or alveolar macrophages promote lung fibrosis	IL-10 or bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis	[17,18,19,20]
	M1 cells express MMP12 to degrade ECM	CCl4-induced liver fibrosis	[15]
Neutrophils	Promote lung fibrosis	Experimental hypersensitivity pneumonitis Bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis	[30,31]
	NE promote lung fibrosis	Asbestos-induced lung fibrosis	[32,33]
NK cells	Suppress liver fibrosis	CCl4-induced and HBV associated liver fibrosis	[35,36,37,38]
	Suppress cardiac fibrosis	Autoimmune myocarditis	[39]
	Promote liver fibrosis	Low-dose rotavirus infection	[40]
	Promote renal fibrosis	Injury-induced renal fibrosis	[41]
ILC1	Promote adipose fibrosis	High-fat diet-fed obese mice	[48]
ILC2	Promote lung fibrosis	Bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis	[45,47]
ILC3	Promote liver fibrosis	CCl4-induced liver fibrosis	[44,49]
γδT cells	Suppress liver fibrosis	CCl4-induced liver fibrosis	[50]
	Suppress lung fibrosis	B. subtilis-induced pulmonary fibrosis Bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis	[51,52,53]
	Promote liver fibrosis	S. japonicum -induced liver fibrosis	[54]
Dendritic cells	Suppress lung fibrosis	Mice exposed to adenoviral gene transfer of TGF-β1	[59]
	IL-10-producing DCs suppress heart inflammation and fibrosis	Chronic Chagas disease cardiomyopathy model	[62]
	pDCs suppress lung and skin fibrosis	Bleomycin-induced SSc model	[64]
	CD11b+ DCs promote ocular mucosal fibrosis	Allergic eye disease model	[65]
NKT cells/ MAIT cells	NKT cells promote liver fibrosis	CCl4-treated HBV-transgenic mice	[66]
	CD1d-dependent NKT cells suppress kidney fibrosis	Diet-induced NAFLD mouse model	[67]
	iNKT cells suppress lung fibrosis	Bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis	[69]
	invariant NKT cells promote liver injury and fibrosis	Autoimmune cholangitis mouse model, mice fed with high fat diet	[71,72]
	MAIT cells promote liver fibrosis	CCl4-induced or bile duct ligation-induced liver fibrosis	[76]
Th1 cells	Suppress lung fibrosis	Bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis	[79,80]
	Promote peritoneal fibrosis	S. epidermidis-induced peritoneal fibrosis	[81]
	Promote cardiac fibrosis	Thoracic aortic constriction-induced cardiac fibrosis	[82]
Th2 cells	Promote liver fibrosis	Bacterial infection-associated hepatic fibrosis	[84]
	Promote airway fibrosis	House dust mite -induced allergic disorders	[85]
Th17 cells	Promoted skin and lung fibrosis	Bleomycin-induced SSc model	[87]
	Promote lung fibrosis	Bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis	[86]
	Suppress lung fibrosis	B. subtilis-induced pulmonary fibrosis	[51]
Tregs	Suppress lung fibrosis	Bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis (late stage)	[98]
	Suppress liver fibrosis	BDL-induced liver fibrosis	[101]
	Suppress skin fibrosis	Bleomycin-induced SSc model	[102]
	Suppress kidney fibrosis	Injury-induced renal fibrosis	[103]
Tfh cells	Promote dermal fibrosis	GVHD-SSc model	[115]
	Promote lung fibrosis	Bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis	[117]
B cells	Promote lung fibrosis	Bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis	[119,120]
	Promote skin fibrosis	TSK/+ mice	[121,122]
	Promote liver fibrosis	CCl4-induced liver fibrosis	[123]
	IL-6-producing B cells promote skin and lung fibrosis	Bleomycin-induced SSc model	[124]
	Bregs suppress skin and lung fibrosis	Bleomycin-induced SSc model	[124]
	Bregs promote lung fibrosis	Silica-induced pulmonary fibrosis	[129]