. 2020 Jul 22;21(15):5179. doi: 10.3390/ijms21155179

Table 5.

International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) name, and the chemical formula of bioactive molecules isolated from Capsicum.

Compound	Synonyms	Class of Compound	IUPAC Name	Chemical Formula	Examples of Plants Parts as Source	Ref.
Piperine	1-Piperoylpiperidine	Piperine is a N-acylpiperidine that is piperidine substituted by a (1E,3E)-1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-5-oxopenta-1,3-dien-5-yl group at the nitrogen atom.	(2E,4E)-5-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-1-piperidin-1-ylpenta-2,4-dien-1-one	C₁₇H₁₉NO₃	Constituent of pepper spp. (Piperaceae).	[68]
Capsaicin	Capsaicin	Capsaicin is a capsaicinoid. It has a role as a non-narcotic analgesic, a voltage-gated sodium channel blocker, and a TRPV1 agonist.	(E)-N-[(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)methyl]-8-methylnon-6-enamide	C₁₈H₂₇NO₃	Capsaicin is identified as the primary pungent principle in Capsicum fruits.	[60]
Dihydrocapsaicin	6,7-Dihydrocapsaicin	Dihydrocapsaicin is a capsaicinoid and analog and congener of capsaicin in chili peppers (Capsicum). Like capsaicin, it is an irritant.	N-[(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)methyl]-8-methylnonanamide	C₁₈H₂₉NO₃	Dihydrocapsaicin is found in pepper (C. annuum).	[69]
Nordihydrocapsaicin	N-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl)-7-methyloctanamide	Nordihydrocapsaicin is found in herbs and spices.	N-[(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)methyl]-7-methyloctanamide	C₁₇H₂₇NO₃	Nordihydrocapsaicin is isolated from the pungent principle of red pepper (Capsicum annuum).	[69]
Capsiate	(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)methyl (E)-8-methylnon-6-enoate	Lipophilic alkaloid is an analogue of capsaicin.	(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)methyl (6E)-8-methylnon-6-enoate	C₁₈H₂₆O₄	Non-pungent capsaicin-related substances found in all tested variants of the Capsicum genus of plants.	[70]
Dihydrocapsiate	4-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl 8-methylnonanoate	Lipophilic alkaloid is an analogue of capsaicin.	(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)methyl 8-methylnonanoate	C₁₈H₂₈O₄	Non-pungent capsaicin-related substances found in all tested variants of the Capsicum genus of plants.	[70]
Nordihydrocapsiate	4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl 7- methyloctanoate	Lipophilic alkaloid is an analogue of capsaicin.	(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)methyl 7-methyloctanoate	C₁₇H₂₆O₄	Non-pungent capsaicin-related substances found in all tested variants of the Capsicum genus of plants.	[70]
Capsiconiate	Coniferyl (E)-8-methyl-6-nonenoate	Secondary plant non-toxic alkaloid metabolites.	[(E)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-enyl] (E)-8-methylnon-6-enoate	C₂₀H₂₈O₄	Non-pungent capsaicin-related substances found in all tested variants of the Capsicum genus of plants.	[71]
Dihydrocapsiconiate	Coniferyl 8-methylnonanoate	Secondary plant non-toxic alkaloid metabolites.	3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-en-1-yl 8-methylnonanoate	C₂₀H₃₀O₄	Non-pungent capsaicin-related substances found in all tested variants of the Capsicum genus of plants.	[71]
beta-Carotene	Provitamin A	β- Carotene is a naturally-occurring retinol (vitamin A) precursor obtained from certain fruits and vegetables with potential antineoplastic and chemopreventive activities. As an anti-oxidant, beta carotene inhibits free-radical damage to DNA.	1,3,3-trimethyl-2-[(1E,3E,5E,7E,9E,11E,13E,15E,17E)-3,7,12,16-tetramethyl-18-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohexen-1-yl)octadeca-1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17-nonaenyl]cyclohexene	C₄₀H₅₆	Fruits.	[72,73]
Rutin	Quercetin 3-rutinoside	Rutin is a flavonoid known to have a variety of biological activities, including antiallergic, anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, and anticarcinogenic properties.	2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-3-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-[[(2R,3R,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]oxan-2-yl]oxychromen-4-one	C₂₇H₃₀O₁₆	Pepper fruit.	[74]
Quercetin	Xanthaurine	Quercetin is a polyphenolic flavonoid with potential chemopreventive activity.	2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3,5,7-trihydroxychromen-4-one	C₁₅H₁₀O₇	Pepper fruit.	[50]