Table 6.

The biological activities of Capsicum.

Activities	Models	Extract	Bioactive Compound Mechanism of Action	References
Antimicrobial effects	Micrococcus sp (20 mm), Bacillus (10 mm), E. Coli (17 mm), Pseudomonas sp (16mm) and Citrobacter sp (15 mm)	The butanol extract of Capsicum annuum fruit	Capsaicin.	[88]
	Salmonella typhimurium and Pseudomonas aeruginosa	The ethanol extract (100 mg/mL) of Capsicum annuum.	Capsaicin.	[89]
	(Staphylococcus aureus UFPEDA02, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC6057, Bacillus subtilis UFPEDA 86), and Gram negative (Escherichia coli ATCC25922, Klebsiella pneumonia ATCC29665, Pseudomonas aeruginosa UFPEDA416) bacteria and one yeast strain (Candida albicans UFPEDA 1007)	C. frutescens extract.	CAY-1, a novel saponin obtained from C. frutescens, rupturing the membrane integrity of fungal cells.	[88,91]
	Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida albicans, Candida parapsilosis, Candida tropicalis, Pichia membranifaciens, Kluyveromyces marxiannus and Candida guilliermondiiA. flavusA. niger	Capsicum frutescens extracts.	Peptides obtained from chili pepper seeds.	[94] [93]
Antiviral	Guinea pigs against cutaneous herpes simplex virus	Capsicum extract.	Capsaicin, disrupting standard virus-neuron connections.	[192]
Insecticidal, anthelmintic and Larvicidal effects	A. aegypti mosquitoes	Capsicum frutescens extracts.	Extremely repellent extracts.	[115]
	Cercaria of Schistosoma mansoni	Capsicum annuum leaves extracts.	Water-soluble unsaturated compounds from the oils or their hydrolysis products.	[100]
Antioxidant properties	Adult men and women	Capsicum annuum.	Antioxidant properties of capsaicinoids gave additional advantage in the management of cardiovascular diseases.	[108]
Anti-inflammatory properties	Rat hind paw inflammation induced by subplantar injections of fresh egg albumin (0.5 mL/kg)	Ethyl acetate C. frutescens extract	Carotenoids.	[117]
Cardiovascular effects	Anesthetized dogs iv injections	Capsaicin (10-300 μg/kg).	Temporary increase in the mean systemic blood pressure trailed by a continued fall.	[193]
Antithrombotic and Vasodilatory Properties	Gerbil males	Pepper oleoresin.	Decreasing intestinal absorption of exogenous cholesterol as a result of the increased biliary excretion of endogenous cholesterol.	[121]
	Feed rabbits for 12 weeks with a diet rich in cholesterol (1%) and chili pepper (1%),	Chili pepper (1%).	Discovered the anti-atherosclerotic effects of pepper. At the end of 12 weeks, a reduced activity of cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP) was witnessed, in contrast to the control group (rabbits feeding without pepper).	[194]