[Ca2+]e	Extracellular calcium concentrations
% 1RM	percentage of one repetition maximum
1,25-(OH)2D	1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D
25-(OH)D	25-hydroxyvitamin D
β(2)AR	β(2)-adrenergic receptor
Aa	Amino acids
aBMD	Areal Bone Mineral Density
AC	Adenylate cyclase
ALP	Tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase
ATP	Adenosine triphosphate
BAT	Brown adipose tissue
BMC	Bone mineral content
BMD	Bone mineral density
BMI	Body mass index
BMP	Bone morphogenic protein
BSAP	Bone-specific alkaline phosphatase
C/EBPδ	CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein δ
cAMP	Cyclic adenosine monophosphate
CASR	Calcium-sensing receptor
CICR	Calcium-induced calcium release
CKD	Chronic kidney disease
CNS	Central nervous system
CNTF	Ciliary neurotrophic factor
Co	Cobalt
CRE	cAMP responsive element
CREB	cAMP responsive element-binding protein
CT-1	Cardiotrophin-1
CTx-I	C-terminal cross-linked type I collagen
CV	Cardiovascular
CYP27B1	Cytochrome P 27 B1
DAG	Diacylglycerol
Dkk1	dickkkopf-related protein 1
DXA	Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry
EA	Energy availability
EE	Endurance Exercise
ER	Endoplasmic reticulum
ET	Endurance Training
FGF23	Fibroblast growth factor-23
FNDC5	Fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5
FST	Follistatin
FSTL1	Follistatin-like 1
FUO	Fever of unknown origin
GCM	Glial cell missing B transcription factor
GDF-8	Growth-differentiation factor 8
GLP-2	Glucagon-like peptide-2
gp130	Glycoprotein 130
GPCR	G-protein coupled receptor
GRK	GPCR kinase
[Hb]	Hemoglobin Concentration
Hct	Hematocrit
HOMA-IR	Homeostasis Model Assessment - Insulin Resistance
HR	Heart Rate
iCa	Ionized Calcium
ICTP	C-telopeptide of type I collagen
IGF-1	Insulin-like growth factor 1
IL	Interleukin
IP3	Inositol-(1,4,5)-trisphosphate
iPTH	Intact Parathyroid Hormone
IRS-1	Insulin Receptor Substrate 1
K	Potassium
KO	Knock out
LBM	Lean body mass
LIF	Leukemia inhibitory factor
LLC	Lewis lung carcinoma
MEN1	Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1
MET	Maximal Exercise Test
Mn	Manganese
MuRF-1	Muscle RING-finger protein-1
NCX1	Sodium/calcium exchanger 1
NE	Norepinephrine
NEFA	Non-esterified fatty acids
NH4	Ammonium
NHERF	Na/H exchanger regulatory protein factor
OA	Osteoarthritis
OC	Osteocalcin
OPG	Osteoprotegerin
OPN	Osteopontin
OR	Odds ratio
OSM	Oncostatin M
P	Phosphorous
PA	Physical activity
PG	Prostaglandin
PGC-1α	Peroxisome-proliferator activating receptor γ-coactivator α
PHPT	Hyperparathyroidism
Pi	Inorganic phosphate
PICP	Pro-collagen type I C-terminal Peptide
PINP	Procollagen type I N-terminal Peptide
PIP2	Phosphatidylinositol-(4,5)-bisphosphate
PK	Protein kinase
PL	Phospholipase
PO4	Phosphate
PTH	Parathyroid hormone
PTHR1	PTH/PTHrP (PTH related peptide) receptor type 1
PTHrP	PTH-related peptide
PTX	Parathyroidectomy
PV	Plasma Volume
RANK	Receptor activator of nuclear factor κB
RANKL	Ligand of the receptor activator of nuclear factor κB
RE	Resistance Exercise
RT	Resistance Training
S1P	Sphingosine-1-phosphate
SD	Standard Deviation
Se	Selenium
SEM	Standard Error of the Mean
SNS	Sympathetic nervous system
Sost	Sclerostin
Stat3	Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
T2D	Type 2 diabetes
T3	Triiodothyronine
TA-HCO3−	urine titratable acidity minus bicarbonate
TBS	Trabecular bone score
tCa	Total Calcium
tMG	Total Magnesium
TGF-α	Transforming growth factor alpha
TGF-β	Transforming-growth factor-β
TNFα	Tumor necrosis factor
TRAP5b	tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b
TRPV5	Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 5
TSH	Thyroid-stimulating hormone
uCa	Urinary Calcium
Ucp1	Uncoupling protein 1
udPYR	urinary deoxypyridinoline
UPS	Ubiquitin-proteasome proteolytic system
UV	Ultraviolet radiation
vBMD	Volumetric Bone Mineral Density
VT	Ventilatory threshold
WAT	White adipose tissue
Zn	Zinc