Table 3.
Least squares means of physical and psychosocial variables between groups across time.
| Outcome | Time point | Intervention | Control | Difference, between |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean [95% CI] | Mean [95% CI] | Mean [95% CI] | ||
| Body mass index | Pretest | 15.3 [14.9, 15.8] | 16 [15.4, 16.7] | −0.69 [−1.4, 0.07] |
| Posttest | 15.4 [14.9, 16] | 16.1 [15.5, 16.7] | −0.66 [−1.4, 0.092] | |
| Difference, within | 0.087 [−0.38, 0.55] | 0.065 [−0.38, 0.51] | ||
| Steps count | Pretest | 3139.3 [2809.8, 3468.7] | 1677 [1253.4, 2100.6] | 1462.3 [911.3, 2013.2] * |
| Posttest | 3180.2 [2530.5, 3829.8] | 1462.6 [1155, 1770.1] | 1717.6 [976.7, 2458.6] * | |
| Difference, within | 40.9 [−566.4, 648.2] | −214.5 [−559.5, 130.5] | ||
| Happiness | Pretest | 4 [3.7, 4.3] | 4.5 [4.2, 4.8] | −0.52 [−0.93, −0.099] * |
| Posttest | 4.7 [4.5, 4.8] | 4.5 [4.3, 4.8] | 0.12 [−0.19, 0.44] | |
| Difference, within | 0.67 [0.3, 1] * | 0.03 [−0.25, 0.31] | ||
| Emotion | Pretest | 4.8 [4.7, 4.9] | 4.8 [4.7, 4.9] | 0.0019 [−0.16, 0.16] |
| Posttest | 4.7 [4.6, 4.9] | 4.8 [4.6, 4.9] | −0.04 [−0.25, 0.17] | |
| Difference, within | −0.095 [−0.26, 0.07] | −0.053 [−0.23, 0.12] | ||
| Disruption | Pretest | 4 [3.9, 4] | 4 [3.9, 4] | −0.0045 [−0.053, 0.044] |
| Posttest | 3.7 [3.5, 3.9] | 3.9 [3.8, 4] | −0.21 [−0.4, −0.023] * | |
| Difference, within | −0.26 [−0.4, −0.12] * | −0.049 [−0.15, 0.05] | ||
| Disconnection | Pretest | 3.8 [3.6, 3.9] | 3.9 [3.8, 4] | −0.091 [−0.26, 0.082] |
| Posttest | 3.6 [3.4, 3.8] | 3.8 [3.6, 3.9] | −0.15 [−0.42, 0.11] | |
| Difference, within | −0.17 [−0.31, −0.023] * | −0.1 [−0.28, 0.078] | ||
| Interaction | Pretest | 1.1 [0.77, 1.4] | 0.96 [0.69, 1.2] | 0.11 [−0.3, 0.53] |
| Posttest | 1.3 [0.99, 1.6] | 0.76 [0.41, 1.1] | 0.56 [0.071, 1] * | |
| Difference, within | 0.24 [−0.1, 0.59] | −0.21 [−0.67, 0.26] | ||
| Play extent | Pretest | 1.5 [1.4, 1.6] | 1.3 [1.2, 1.4] | 0.2 [0.058, 0.34] * |
| Posttest | 2.2 [2.1, 2.4] | 1.5 [1.4, 1.6] | 0.74 [0.51, 0.96] * | |
| Difference, within | 0.78 [0.55, 1] * | 0.24 [0.13, 0.35] * | ||
| Play intensity | Pretest | 1.3 [1.1, 1.5] | 1.6 [1.5, 1.8] | −0.35 [−0.6, −0.1] * |
| Posttest | 2.3 [2, 2.5] | 1.9 [1.8, 2] | 0.36 [0.13, 0.59] * | |
| Difference, within | 0.98 [0.76, 1.2] * | 0.27 [0.084, 0.45] * | ||
| Play skill | Pretest | 0.43 [0.35, 0.51] | 0.77 [0.71, 0.84] | −0.35 [−0.45, −0.24] * |
| Posttest | 1.6 [1.3, 1.9] | 0.78 [0.71, 0.85] | 0.83 [0.53, 1.1] * | |
| Difference, within | 1.2 [0.9, 1.5] * | 0.0065 [−0.074, 0.087] |
* p < 0.05. Score ranges: Happiness (1–5), Emotion (1–5), Interactive peer play (disruption, disconnection, interaction) (1–4), Playfulness (extent, intensity, skill) (0–3).