Table 3.
Relative Risks and Effect Modification for those born LGA compared to those born AGA by Maternal Gestational Diabetes Status (n = 108,348).
| Category | Unadjusted | Fully Adjusted | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Infants of Mothers without Gestational Diabetes | Infants of Mothers with Gestational Diabetes | Infants of Mothers without Gestational Diabetes | Infants of Mothers with Gestational Diabetes 1 | |||
| Did not meet proficiency on Mathematics | ||||||
| AGA | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||
| LGA | 0.92 (0.88–0.96) | 1.28 (1.14–1.45) | ⱡ * | 0.94 (0.90–0.97) | 1.18 (1.07–1.31) | ⱡ * |
| Did not meet proficiency on English Language Arts | ||||||
| AGA | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||
| LGA | 0.95 (0.92–0.98) | 1.13 (1.03–1.23) | ⱡ * | 0.96 (0.94–0.99) | 1.05 (0.97–1.13) | ⱡ |
| Recommended for Special Education | ||||||
| AGA | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||
| LGA | 0.99 (0.94–1.04) | 1.26 (1.08–1.47) | ⱡ | 0.96 (0.92–1.01) | 1.18 (1.02–1.37) | ⱡ |
ⱡ Effect Modification. * Qualitative interaction. 1: The fully adjusted models controlled for the following covariates: maternal race, nativity, education, marital status, Medicaid status, parity, maternal obesity and diabetes, alcohol, drug and tobacco use during pregnancy, excessive weight gain during pregnancy, and infant gender. Similar results were found in partially adjusted models that controlled for all covariates with the exception of maternal obesity and diabetes (with a slightly less protective effect). Models also controlling for preterm birth (32–36 weeks vs. 37 weeks or more) provided similar results.