Table 1.
Characteristics of the Jackson Heart Study participants, overall and by apparent treatment-resistant hypertension status
| Variable | Total (n = 1392) | Without aTRH (n = 1182) | aTRH (n = 210) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic, clinical and behavioural factors | |||
| Age | 60.1 (0.3) | 59.8 (0.3) | 61.7 (0.7)* |
| Male gender, n (%) | 401 (28.8%) | 316 (26.7%) | 85 (40.5%)*** |
| Number of antihypertensive medication classes | 2.1 (0.0) | 1.8 (0.0) | 3.7 (0.0)*** |
| Body mass index, kg m−2 | 32.9 (0.2) | 32.7 (0.2) | 33.6 (0.5) |
| Income, $ | 18 459 (356.9) | 18 625 (391.6) | 17 524 (857.6) |
| Years of education | 13.5 (0.1) | 13.5 (0.1) | 13.2 (0.3) |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 489 (35.2%) | 378 (32.1%) | 111 (52.8%)*** |
| Cardiovascular disease, n (%) | 227 (16.3%) | 163 (13.8%) | 64 (30.3%)*** |
| Albuminuria, n (%)a | 244 (17.5%) | 184 (15.6%) | 60 (28.6%)*** |
| Estimated glomerular filtration rate, ml min−1b | 87.6 (0.6) | 88.9 (0.6) | 80.0 (1.7)*** |
| Alcohol use, n (%) | 505 (36.3%) | 440 (37.2%) | 65 (31.0%) |
| Current smoking, n (%) | 140 (10.1%) | 121 (10.2%) | 19 (9.0%) |
| Dietary sodium, mg | 3571.4 (53.0) | 3614.7 (58.4) | 3327.3 (124.7)* |
| Dietary potassium, mg | 2521.1 (33.4) | 2546.6 (36.5) | 2377.7 (82.6) |
| Physical activity, n (%) | |||
| Poor | 732 (52.6%) | 613 (51.9%) | 119 (56.7%) |
| Intermediate | 435 (31.2%) | 369 (31.2%) | 66 (31.4%) |
| Ideal | 225 (16.2%) | 200 (16.9%) | 25 (11.9%) |
| Psychosocial factors | |||
| Chronic stress | 4.7 (0.1) | 4.7 (0.1) | 4.7 (0.3) |
| Depressive symptoms | 11.3 (0.3) | 11.3 (0.3) | 11.8 (0.6) |
| Perceived social support | 36.9 (0.2) | 37.0 (0.2) | 36.1 (0.5) |
| Social network | 4.2 (0.0) | 4.3 (0.0) | 4.1 (0.1)** |
Abbreviation: aTRH, apparent treatment-resistant hypertension.
a
Albuminuria was defined as a urine albumin to creatinine ratio >30 mg g−1
b
Estimated glomerular filtration rate was calculated using age, sex and Cleveland Clinic calibrated values of serum creatinine using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation. Note: all values are presented as mean (s.e.) unless noted otherwise.
*
P<0.05;
**
P<0.01;
***
P<0.001.