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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Aug 18.
Published in final edited form as: Biomaterials. 2019 Dec 26;232:119740. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119740

Table 1.

Summary of biofluid extraction using different types of MNs.

MN type Materials Length (μm) Sample Sampling volume/rate Sampling time Sampling method Test subject Ref
HMN Si 100 ISF 1 μL s−1 - Capillary action - [32]
Metal 1800 Blood 31.3 μL 4 s Vacuum Rabbit [73]
1500 Blood 31.5 μL - PDMS actuator Rabbit [74]
Glass 1500 ISF 20 μL 1–2 h Mechanical pressure Human [30]
PMN Al2O3 900 Water - 15 min Capillary action - [75]
PGMA 700 Water - A few seconds Capillary action - [76]
350 ISF - A few seconds Capillary action Human [41]
PDMS 600 PBS 1.71 nL min−1 - Compression force - [33]
SMN Metal + paper 750 ISF 2 μL 1 min Paper absorption Wistar rat [77]
Metal 1000 Blood 103.5 μL 3 min Vacuum Human [78]
Hydrogel MN PMEV/MA-PEG 600 ISF 0.84 mg 1 h Swelling Rat [79]
600 ISF - 5 min Swelling Human [39]
600 ISF - 1 h Swelling Porcine [80]
MeHA 800 ISF 1.4 μL 1 min Swelling Mouse [34]
Alginate + PLLA 550 ISF 6.5 μL 2 min Swelling - [56]