Table 4.
Association of risk variables on the probability of myopia in children. For categorical data, the estimates are for one category compared to the reference category (underlined term). For each variable, the estimate β, standard error of the mean (SE), Z value and corresponding P-value, Odd-ratio with 95% confidence interval are given. Bold characters indicates significant (P < 0.05) effects. Italic characters indicates trends (P < 0.1)
| β | SE | z value | P(>|z|) | OR (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intercept | −0.253 | 0.548 | 0.055 | 0.956 | |
| Refined carbohydrates consumption (frequency/week) | 0.068 | 0.026 | 2.615 | 0.009 | 1.071 (1.017–1.127) |
| Screen time (hr/day) | 0.844 | 0.488 | 1.731 | 0.083 | 2.326 (0.894–6.049) |
| Reading time (hr/day) | 0.281 | 1.065 | 0.264 | 0.792 | 1.325 (0.164–10.694) |
| Outdoor time (hr/day) | −0.307 | 0.161 | −1.903 | 0.057 | 0.736 (0.536–1.009) |
| Mother myopia (yes/no) | 0.231 | 0.438 | 0.528 | 0.598 | 1.260 (0.534–2.975) |
| Father myopia (yes/no) | −0.282 | 0.467 | −0.604 | 0.546 | 0.754 (0.301–1.885) |
| Sport (yes/no) | 0.421 | 0.501 | 0.839 | 0.401 | 1.523 (0.570–4.073) |
| Age (years) | 0.103 | 0.067 | 1.548 | 0.122 | 1.109 (0.973–1.263) |
| Sex (boys/girls) | −1.047 | 0.430 | −2.438 | 0.015 | 0.351 (0.151–0.814) |
| BMI z-scores | −0.103 | 0.160 | − 0.645 | 0.519 | 0.902 (0.658–1.235) |
| Interactions | |||||
| Age with screen time | 0.183 | 0.129 | 1.424 | 0.154 | 1.201 (0.933–1.547) |
| Age with reading time | −0.555 | 0.283 | −1.959 | 0.050 | 0.574 (0.330–1.000) |
| Sex with refined carbohydrates consumption (boys with refined carbohydrates consumption /girls with refined carbohydrates consumption) | −0.133 | 0.037 | −3.565 | 3 10−4 | 0.875 (0.814–0.942) |