Table 3.
Child-reported change in the percentage of children consuming breakfast before or specific foods and drinks at school for the intervention and control groups after one and 2 years (Model 1) and one- and two-year intervention effects (Model 2)
| Model 1 | Model 2 | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention group (N = 419) | Control group (N = 104) | Intervention group vs control group | |||||||||
| N | Obs %a | OR (95% CI)b | p | N | Obs %a | OR (95% CI)b | p | OR (95% CI)b | p | ||
| Breakfast (%yes) | T0 | 413 | 93.0 | 101 | 87.1 | ||||||
| T1 | 376 | 90.2 | 0.70 (0.42; 1.14) | 0.15 | 90 | 76.7 | 0.46 (0.24; 0.91) | 0.03 | 1.52 (0.63; 3.69) | 0.35 | |
| T2 | 353 | 89.0 | 0.62 (0.38; 1.02) | 0.06 | 81 | 75.3 | 0.38 (0.19; 0.75) | 0.01 | 1.68 (0.69; 4.08) | 0.26 | |
| Fruit or vegetables (%yes) | T0 | 412 | 89.3c | 101 | 75.2 | ||||||
| T1 | 375 | 89.9 | 1.43 (0.94; 2.18) | 0.09 | 90 | 75.6 | 0.95 (0.50; 1.80) | 0.86 | 1.45 (0.70; 3.12) | 0.31 | |
| T2 | 352 | 90.9 | 1.60 (1.03; 2.49) | 0.04 | 81 | 74.1 | 0.92 (0.48; 1.79) | 0.81 | 1.70 (0.78; 3.70) | 0.18 | |
| Candy, cookies or snacks (%yes) | T0 | 412 | 43.2 | 101 | 42.6 | ||||||
| T1 | 376 | 42.0 | 0.96 (0.74; 1.25) | 0.76 | 90 | 35.6 | 0.76 (0.43; 1.32) | 0.33 | 1.30 (0.71; 2.37) | 0.40 | |
| T2 | 353 | 37.1 | 0.77 (0.59; 1.01) | 0.06 | 81 | 38.3 | 0.87 (0.49; 1.54) | 0.64 | 0.89 (0.48; 1.66) | 0.72 | |
|
Sugar-sweetened beverages (%yes) |
T0 | 412 | 54.1 | 101 | 47.5 | ||||||
| T1 | 376 | 50.0 | 0.87 (0.68; 1.11) | 0.24 | 90 | 13.3 | 0.17 (0.09; 0.33) | 0.00 | 4.86 (2.44; 9.68) | 0.00 | |
| T2 | 352 | 38.1 | 0.52 (0.40; 0.67) | 0.00 | 81 | 7.4 | 0.09 (0.04; 0.20) | 0.00 | 5.68 (2.37; 13.59) | 0.00 | |
| Water (%yes) | T0 | 408 | 57.6 | 101 | 59.4 | ||||||
| T1 | 376 | 63.0 | 1.18 (0.93; 1.51) | 0.18 | 90 | 95.6 | 15.56 (5.75; 42.12) | 0.00 | 0.08 (0.03; 0.22) | 0.00 | |
| T2 | 352 | 71.6 | 1.85 (1.43; 2.41) | 0.00 | 81 | 86.4 | 5.17 (2.52; 10.58) | 0.00 | 0.39 (0.19; 0.79) | 0.01 | |
Note. Model 1: predictor variable is time (reference group = baseline measurement) / Model 2: predictor variable is time*condition (reference group = control group*baseline measurement). Analyses were conducted using GEE analysis with adjustment for clustering of data within persons. N number of participants, I intervention group, C control group, T0 baseline measurement, T1 measurement at year one, T2 measurement at year two, Obs % observed percentage, OR Odds Ratio, CI Confidence Interval, p = p value
Bold numbers are significant at p < .05.
aObserved percentage of children that consumed breakfast on the morning of data collection and that consumed the food/drink the previous day at school
bOdds ratio of GEE model adjusted for child age, gender, ethnicity, BMI z-score at baseline, and residential socioeconomic status score at baseline
cSignificantly different at baseline compared with the control group, analyzed using the Chi-square test