Table 4.
Parent-reported change in the percentage of children adhering to or daily consuming specific foods and drinks for the intervention and control groups after one and 2 years (Model 1) and one- and two-year intervention effects (Model 2)
| Model 1 | Model 2 | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention group (N = 419) | Control group (N = 104) | Intervention group vs. control group | |||||||||
| N | Obs %a | OR (95% CI)b | p | N | Obs %a | OR (95% CI)b | p | OR (95% CI)b | p | ||
| Adherence fruit recommendation (%yes) | T0 | 263 | 38.4 | 48 | 27.1 | ||||||
| T1 | 242 | 42.6 | 1.08 (0.79; 1.48) | 0.63 | 57 | 22.8 | 0.81 (0.32; 2.05) | 0.66 | 1.34 (0.56; 3.18) | 0.51 | |
| T2 | 252 | 35.3 | 0.80 (0.58; 1.10) | 0.17 | 58 | 20.7 | 0.64 (0.25; 1.64) | 0.35 | 1.22 (0.50; 2.96) | 0.67 | |
| Adherence vegetable recommendation (%yes) | T0 | 250 | 26.0 | 52 | 23.1 | ||||||
| T1 | 233 | 22.7 | 0.76 (0.51; 1.14) | 0.19 | 58 | 12.1 | 0.44 (0.15; 1.27) | 0.13 | 1.81 (0.61; 5.37) | 0.29 | |
| T2 | 239 | 17.3 | 0.54 (0.35; 0.83) | 0.01 | 54 | 3.7 | 0.12 (0.02; 0.56) | 0.01 | 4.49 (0.99; 20.29) | 0.05 | |
| Daily consumption of snacks (%yes) | T0 | 274 | 46.7 | 52 | 50.0 | ||||||
| T1 | 255 | 31.0 | 0.56 (0.42; 0.74) | 0.00 | 61 | 44.3 | 0.90 (0.47; 1.74) | 0.75 | 0.60 (0.31; 1.17) | 0.13 | |
| T2 | 264 | 34.5 | 0.70 (0.53; 0.93) | 0.01 | 63 | 28.6 | 0.42 (0.21; 0.85) | 0.02 | 1.59 (0.79; 3.17) | 0.19 | |
| Daily consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (%yes) | T0 | 270 | 55.9 | 51 | 52.9 | ||||||
| T1 | 249 | 43.8 | 0.67 (0.49; 0.89) | 0.01 | 62 | 59.7 | 1.54 (0.77; 3.10) | 0.22 | 0.45 (0.22; 0.92) | 0.03 | |
| T2 | 265 | 37.4 | 0.53 (0.39; 0.71) | 0.00 | 63 | 42.9 | 0.80 (0.40; 1.60) | 0.53 | 0.68 (0.33; 1.40) | 0.30 | |
| Daily consumption of water (%yes) | T0 | 273 | 67.4 | 52 | 61.5 | ||||||
| T1 | 251 | 70.5 | 1.22 (0.90; 1.66) | 0.20 | 62 | 72.6 | 2.00 (1.04; 3.85) | 0.04 | 0.62 (0.30; 1.27) | 0.19 | |
| T2 | 267 | 71.2 | 1.28 (0.95; 1.74) | 0.11 | 62 | 71.0 | 1.85 (0.96; 3.59) | 0.07 | 0.72 (0.35; 1.47) | 0.36 | |
Note. Model 1: predictor variable is time (reference group = baseline measurement) / Model 2: predictor variable is time*condition (reference group = control group*baseline measurement). Analyses were conducted using GEE analysis with adjustment for clustering of data within persons. I Intervention group, C control group, N number of participants, T0 baseline measurement, T1 measurement at year one, T2 measurement at year two, Obs % observed percentage, OR Odds Ratio, CI Confidence Interval, p = p value
Bold numbers are significant at p < .05.
aObserved percentage of children adhering to the recommendation (for fruit and vegetables) or daily consuming the food/drink (i.e., snacks, sugar-sweetened beverages, and water)
bOdds ratio of GEE model adjusted for child age, gender, ethnicity, BMI z-score at baseline, and residential socioeconomic status score at baseline