Table 3.
Treatment recommendation from different guidelines and an update on COVID-19 vaccines
| Guideline | Drugs recommended | Context | Contraindications |
|---|---|---|---|
| WHO, May, 2020 | Chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir/ritonavir, remdesivir, unifenovir, favipiravir, tocilizumab and plasma therapy | Only in the context of RCTs | No specific recommendation because of lack of evidence |
| Glucocorticoids | In routine settings | ||
| COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines Panel, National Institute of Health, updated, July, 2020 | Remdesivir | Hospitalized patients | No specific recommendation because of lack of evidence |
| Dexamethasone | Patients requiring supplemental oxygen | ||
| Lopinavir/ritonavir | Only in the context of RCTs | ||
| Guidelines for treatment and management of patients with COVID-19, Infectious Diseases Society of America, updated June, 2020 | Hydroxychloroquine/chloroquine/azithromycin | Only in the context of RCTs | No specific recommendation because of lack of evidence |
| Lopinavir/ritonavir | Only in the context of RCTs | ||
| Convalescent sera | Only in the context of RCTs | ||
| Tocilizumab | Only in the context of RCTs | ||
| Corticosteroids | Patients with Severe COVID-19, only | ||
| Chinese national health commission, 7th edition, March, 2020 | α-Interferon atomization inhalation | Based on severity | No specific recommendation because of lack of evidence |
| Lopinavir/ritonavir | |||
| Methylprednisolone | |||
| Revised Guidelines on Clinical Management of COVID-19, Indian National Guideline, July, 2020 | Corticosteroids including dexamethasone | Patients with progressive deterioration of lung function | Early pregnancy should be terminated |
| Remdesivir | Patients requiring supplemental oxygen | ||
| Convalescent plasma/sera | Patients with progressive requirement of oxygen | ||
| Tocilizumab | Mechanically ventilated patients |
| Current status of COVID-19 vaccines | ||
|---|---|---|
| Vaccine candidate | Sponsor | Trial phase |
| Inactivated vaccine | Wuhan Institute of Biological Products; China National Pharmaceutical Group (Sinopharm) | Phase 3 |
| CoronaVac | Sinovac | Phase 3 |
| Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) live-attenuated vaccine | University of Melbourne and Murdoch Children’s Research Institute; Radboud University Medical Center; Faustman Lab at Massachusetts General Hospital | Phase 2/3 |
| AZD1222 | The University of Oxford; AstraZeneca; IQVIA | Phase 2/3 |
| mRNA-1273 | Moderna | Phase 2 |
| Ad5-nCoV | CanSinoBiologics | Phase 2 |
| Adjuvant recombinant vaccine candidate | Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biopharmaceutical, Institute of Microbiology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences | Phase 2 |
| BNT162 | Pfizer, BioNTech | Phase 1/2 |
| BBIBP-CorV | Beijing Institute of Biological Products; China National Pharmaceutical Group (Sinopharm) | Phase 1/2 |
| GX-19 | Genexine | Phase 1/2 |
| Gam-COVID-Vac | Gamaleya Research Institute, Acellena Contract Drug Research and Development | Phase 1/2 |
| Self-amplifying RNA vaccine | Imperial College London | Phase 1/2 |
| LUNAR-COV19 | Arcturus Therapeutics and Duke-NUS Medical School | Phase 1/2 |
| ZyCoV-D | Zydus Cadila | Phase 1/2 |
| INO-4800 | Inovio Pharmaceuticals | Phase 1 |
| mRNA-based vaccine | CureVac | Phase 1 |
| SCB-2019 | GlaxoSmithKline, Sanofi, Clover Biopharmaceuticals, Dynavax and Xiamen Innovax | Phase 1 |
| COVAX-19 | Vaxine Pty Ltd | Phase 1 |
| NVX-CoV2373 | Novavax | Phase 1 |
| Plant-based adjutant COVID-19 vaccine candidate | Medicago; GSK; Dynavax | Phase 1 |
| Molecular clamp vaccine | CSL; The University of Queensland | Phase 1 |
| Covaxin | Bharat Biotech; National Institute of Virology | Phase 1 |
| bacTRL-Spike | Symvivo | Pre-clinical |
| PittCoVacc | UPMC/University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine | Pre-clinical |
| Measles vector vaccine | University of Pittsburgh’s Center for Vaccine Research | Pre-clinical |
| Ii-Key peptide COVID-19 vaccine | Generex Biotechnology | Pre-clinical |
| Recombinant vaccine | Vaxart | Pre-clinical |
| LineaDNA | Takis Biotech | Pre-clinical |
| Ad26.COV2-S | Johnson & Johnson | Pre-clinical |
| AdCOVID | Altimmune | Pre-clinical |
| T-COVIDTM | Altimmune | Pre-clinical |
| Protein subunit vaccine | University of Saskatchewan Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre | Pre-clinical |
| Recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV) vaccine | Merck; IAVI | Pre-clinical |
| Adenovirus-based vaccine | ImmunityBio; NantKwest | Pre-clinical |
| AAVCOVID | Massachusetts Eye and Ear; Massachusetts General Hospital; University of Pennsylvania | Pre-clinical |
| Recombinant vaccine | Sanofi, Translate Bio | Pre-clinical |
| HaloVax | Voltron Therapeutics, Inc.; Hoth Therapeutics, Inc | Pre-clinical |
| mRNA-based vaccine | Chulalongkorn University’s Center of Excellence in Vaccine Research and Development | Pre-clinical |
| HDT-301 | University of Washington; National Institutes of Health Rocky Mountain Laboratories; HDT Bio Corp | Pre-clinical |
| mRNA lipid nanoparticle (mRNA-LNP) vaccine | CanSino Biologics, Precision NanoSystems | Early research |
RCTs Randomized controlled trials, WHO World Health Organization