Fig. 1.
Four explanations of the positive manifold (simplified). Circles represent unobserved entities, whereas boxes represent observed entities. Dashed lines represent relations that have an influence over time. g = general intelligence, x = cognitive test, c = basic cognitive process (of person j at time t), G = genetic endowment, m = measured IQ of person j at time t, e = environment of person j at time t, K = genetic and environmental factors.