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. 2019 Oct 24;14(6):1034–1061. doi: 10.1177/1745691619866447

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1.

Four explanations of the positive manifold (simplified). Circles represent unobserved entities, whereas boxes represent observed entities. Dashed lines represent relations that have an influence over time. g = general intelligence, x = cognitive test, c = basic cognitive process (of person j at time t), G = genetic endowment, m = measured IQ of person j at time t, e = environment of person j at time t, K = genetic and environmental factors.