Figure 5.

Supplementing glucose in AF diet restores RALDH activity in CD103⁺CD11b⁺ siLP-DCs. (A) Cartoon depicting experimental scheme (left panel). Neonate AF mice were weaned onto specific diets for 3~4 weeks. AFD contains 22% of glucose (AFD_G220). AFD_G500 indicates 50% of glucose in AFD and AFD_S500 indicates 50% of sucrose in AFD. AAD*_StF was utilized as a positive control of RALDH activity in LP-DCs. ALDEFLUOR assays were performed on cell suspensions from siLP and RALDH activity of siLP-DC was analyzed by flow cytometry. The level of RALDH activity in CD103⁺CD11b⁺ siLP-DCs is represented as relative ΔMFI of aldefluor (middle panel). Aldh1a1 expression was also determined in sorted IECs relative to Hprt control (right panel). Data are combined from two independent experiments. (B–D) Graphs display the percentage of Tbet⁺ in CD4⁺ T cells (Th1) (B), GATA3⁺ in CD4⁺ T cells (Th2) (C), and Nrp1^lo populations among in CD4⁺Foxp3⁺ Treg cells (pTreg) (D). Data are combined from at least two independent experiments. MEAN ± SEM are indicated. Statistical significance was determined by one-way ANOVA with Turkey's multiple comparison test, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ****p < 0.0001, n.s., not statistically significant.